One of the Free

One of the Freedom Fighters Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. EssayMartin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929. He was an American clergyman, activist, and orotund leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian lead Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. Kings efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his I Have a Dream speech. On October 14 1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. In the next few years leading up to his death, he spread out his focus to include poverty and the Vietnam War. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee.He was awarded the Presidential typewriter ribbon of Freedom in 1 977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004 Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. federal holiday in 1986. Hundreds of streets in the U.S. and beyond drive home been renamed in his honor. Heres an excerpt from his famous speech I have a dream I have a dream that one day this nation go out rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red knolls of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners result be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream todayI have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification one day right at that pl ace in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream todayI have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.

Ford Motor’s Financial Health Progress Report Essay Example for Free

hybridization rams Financial Health Progress insure EssayIn the coming week, Learning Team B allow discuss the monetary health of Ford Motor Co. The discussion will take on an analysis of the current financial condition after calculating profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, activity ratios, and solvency ratios. We will answer questions close to where the lodge began, how the company manages their investments, and where the company is now financially. We will also look at the DuPont Method as it relates to Ford Motor Co. and their financial troubles.Specific Task that have been AccomplishedHow overmuch the Company has borrowed?It has been discovered that Ford Motor Co. borrowed 23.5 billion dollars in 2006 from the government in an effort to reduce debt. Ford Motor Companys debt liabilities, yen term-debts, current notes is the total of what the company has borrowed. Define the Business NeedBecause of the money borrowed, Ford is in better shape than General Motors an d Chrysler. The financial ratios, profitability, liquidity, activity, solvency, have already been calculated. The business need will include high-level deliverables to resolve problems. The business needs of the Ford Motor Company is to improve in the bea of happen on equity and return on capital by addressing customer service needs and customer satisfaction as a means of computer memory of reputation and quality assurance.How liquid is the CompanyThe liquidation of Ford Motor Company can easily be defined as the ability in which as asset can be converted into cash, to meet short-term financial obligations. In order for Ford to meet this obligation, the company has to have more than liquid. The company can calculate their liquids by using financial rations such as cash ratio, quick ratio, and current ratio.How Efficiently the Organization is using its AssetsThis will be getd by using the Debt Ratios of the companys liabilities and assets. Additionally, the straight line depreci ation mode will be used to determine if assets argon profitable or assuming greater debt to the company.Strength and weaknessThe strength and weakness of an organization is crucial. According to (Titman, Keown, Martin, p. 79), Financial ratios declare oneself a second method for standardizing the financial information in the income statement and balance sheet. Ratios answer questions about the firms financial health or strength and weaknesses. The relevant questions are how liquid is the firm, will it be able to pay on time, did the firm finance the purchase of assets, is the management efficient in utilizing assets to generate sales, is ROI adequate found on the organization financial goals and objectives, and are shareholders getting value for their investment.The ratio mechanism is liquidity, capital structure, and asset management efficiency, profitability, and market value ratios assessments. The acid experiment is the current ratio to assess firm liquidity we assume that the firms accounts receivable will be collected and turned into cash on a timely basis and that its inventories can be sold without an extended delay. But the truth is that a companys inventory might not be very liquid at all, (Titman, Keown, Martin, p. 80).Debt Equity FinancingAccording to (Investorwords.com, 2014), Debt financing requires borrowing money, usually as a loan from a bank, financial institution or commercial finance companies, to fund investment of the organization. Organizations must keep in mind that debt builds credit that s supports lower insurance rank and future borrowing. Additionally, an organization can gain a tax deductible interest rate to lessen the impact of repayment. Equity financing requires investment partners that provide funding for a share of ownership. Each type of financing has advantages and disadvantages of appeal, organizations use both to finance investment ventures.Problems, Solutions, and Potential IssuesThe high-level of deliverables oc curs according to the Britannica (2014)website because of financial struggles at the beginning of the 21st century, the company sold off Aston Martin in 2007 and both Jaguar and Land Rover in 2008. In addition to selling Ford manufactures passenger cars, trucks, and tractors as well as parts and accessories.Next StepsThe team should further expound on the business need of Ford Motor Co. The Market Value Added (EVA) and Economic Value Added (EVA) have been research, but need to be further researched to explain difference it makes for Ford Motor Co. All ratios and hard roe need to be calculated and explainedELIZABETH Profitability RatioLiquidity RatioActivity RatioSolvency RatioROEDuPont MethodFinally, the team needs to determine how profitable the organization is at the end of the research.ConclusionIn concluding, Learning Team B discusses the financial health of Ford Motor Company within a progress report. The report includes an analysis of the current financial condition after cal culating profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, activity ratios, and solvency ratios. The report answer questions about where the company began, how the company manages their investments, and where the company is now financially. The report finally looks into the DuPont Method as it relates to Ford Motor Co. and their financial troubles.

Data Structures Role In Programming Languages Computer Science Essay

entropy Structures Role In Programming Languages Computer Science EssayData Structure is logical and mathematical model to store info.So there atomic number 18 basic benefits of data structures The fund space is properly apply.It helps in data defense and management. It is functiond to organize data in such a way that the insertion deletion,searhing i.e manipulation of data is done with minimal complexity , and that gives a efficiet work of our computing. By using data structures data can be easily, and effectually exchanged it allows port force, comprehensibility, and adaptability of information.Data structures be ingestiond in most programming allowing efficient management of large amounts of data.Data structures are the organizing element in software design, for some programming languages, and design methods. Data structures are based on a computers ability to store, and retrieve data from whatsoeverwhere in memory record, and pasture structures are based on using a rithmetic operations to compute the address of the data. The storing of addresses inwardly the structure is rallying cryed linked data structures. Specific program languages offer built in support for specific data structures, (i.e. one dimensional vagabonds are used in C programming, and hash tables are used in Pearl). An array is a type of data structure.An array is a data structure consisting of a number of variables, having the same data type. A single variable name is given to an array to associate with the variables. Arrays are used by programmers as a promoter of organizing many an(prenominal) data items into a single data structure. Elements of the array are written, and recognized by using subscript, which is parenthesis after the array name. The use of arrays simplifies the writing of a program by allowing the grouping of similar data, rather than writing each item in the program code, saving time, and money.An example of an array would be days of the weekInitialize d ata tableday_table(1) = Sundayday_table(2) = Mondayday_table(3) = Tuesdayday_table(4) = Wednesdayday_table(5) = Thursdayday_table(6) = Fridayday_table(7) = SaturdayEndAll high level languages share a suffice of intercepted framework of data structure that composes the languages. These common data structures are strings, arrays, I/O, Stacks, Queues, Linked Lists, Trees, Graphs, Hash tables, and Vectors.Most programming languages feature some sort of library mechanism that allows data structure implementations to be reused by different programs. Modern languages usually come with standard libraries that implement the most common data structures. Examples are the C++ Standard Template Library, the Java Collections Framework, and Microsofts .NET Framework.Data Structures in C Language A data item refers to a single unit of values. For example, a students information may be divided into four items/properties GRNO, name, class, and semester. But the GRNO would be treated as unique/ item . Data are in any case organized into more complex types of structures. There are two types of data structure are available Linear 2. Non-Linear.Linear Structures In this type of data structure we arrange insert, delete, search,update operations sequentially or in an order (like Ascending/Descending). for example you have a list having 5 elements containing A,B,C,D,E,F values if u want to find that on which location E is store in this list, you must compare E with A,B,C,D and finally with E along this you must perform an increment to recurrence. After that you will find the actual location of your required/search item with the help of counter in this example the value of counter=4.Examples of Linear Data Structures are as follows * Array * Linked List * Queue * Stack 1. Non-Linear In this type of data structure we perform Traversing, insert, delete, search, update operation randomly. Examples of Non-Linear Data Structures are as follows * Tree * Graphs.Data Structure operations The following four operations play a major division in this text.1. Traversing Accessing each record exactly once so that certain items in the record may be processed.( This accessing and processing is sometimes called visiting the record.)2. peeping Finding the location of the record with a given key value, or finding the locations of all records, which satisfy one or more conditions.3. Inserting adding a untested record to the structure.4. Deleting Removing a record from the structure.5. Sorting Arranging the records in some logical order .Some Data Structures and their use in programming Languages raftA stack is a last in, first out (LIFO) abstract data type and data structure. A stack can have any abstract data type as an element, but is characterized by entirely two fundamental operations push and pull down. The push operation adds to the top of the list, hide any items already on the stack, or initializing the stack if it is empty. The pop operation removes an item from the top of the list, and returns this value to the caller. A pop either reveals previously hide items, or results in an empty list.A stack-oriented programming language is one that relies on a stack machine model for passing parameters. Several programming languages fit this description, notably Forth, RPL, PostScript, and also many Assembly languages (but on a much lower level).Some languages, like LISP and Python, do not call for stack implementations, since push and pop functions are available for any list. All Forth-like languages (such as Adobe PostScript) are also designed around language-defined stacks that are directly visible to and manipulated by the programmer.C++s Standard Template Library provides a stack templated class which is restricted to only push/pop operations. Javas library contains a Stack class that is a specialization of Vectorthis could be considered a design flaw, since the inherited get() method from Vector ignores the LIFO constraint of the Stack.ARRAYS An array can be defined as the finite ordered set of homogeneous elements.Finite means that yhere are specific number of elements in an array, ordered means that elements are arranged in a sequence so that the first,second,thirdnth element.In pure functional programs it is common to represent arrays by association lists. joining lists have the disadvantage that the access time varies elongately both with the size of the array (counted in number of entries) and with the size of the index (counted in cons nodes).QUEUEA queue is a particular kind of collection in which the entities in the collection are kept in order.It is based on First-In-First-Out (FIFO)principle. In a FIFO data structure, the first element added to the queue will be the first one to be removed. A queue is an example of a linear data structure.LINKED LISTIt is a method of organizing stored data in a computer memory or on a storage intermediate based on the logical order of the data and not the physical order. All stored data records are assigned a physical address in memory that the computer uses to locate the information. A linked list arranges the data by logic rather than by physical address.Memory Management 1 of the most important functions of a programming language is to provide facilities for managing memory and the objects that are stored in memory. C provides three distinct ways to allocate memory for objectsStatic memory parcelling space for the object is provided in the binary at compile-time these objects have an extent (or lifetime) as long as the binary which contains them is derisory into memoryAutomatic memory parceling temporary objects can be stored on the stack, and this space is automatically freed and reusable after the block in which they are declared is exitedDynamic memory allocation blocks of memory of arbitrary size can be requested at run-time using library functions such as malloc from a region of memory called the heap these blocks persist until subsequently freed for reuse by calling the library function freeThese three approaches are withdraw in different situations and have various tradeoffs. For example, static memory allocation has no allocation overhead, automatic allocation may involve a miserable amount of overhead, and dynamic memory allocation can potentially have a great deal of overhead for both allocation and deallocation. On the former(a) hand, stack space is typically much more limited and transient than either static memory or heap space, and dynamic memory allocation allows allocation of objects whose size is cognise only at run-time. Most C programs make extensive use of all three.Where possible, automatic or static allocation is usually preferred because the storage is managed by the compiler, freeing the programmer of the potentially error-prone chore of manually allocating and releasing storage. However, many data structures can change state in size at runtime, and since static allocations (and automatic allocat ions in C89 and C90) must have a fixed size at compile-time, there are many situations in which dynamic allocation must be used. Prior to the C99 standard, variable-sized arrays were a common example of this (see malloc for an example of dynamically allocated arrays).Automatically and dynamically allocated objects are only initialized if an initial value is explicitly specified otherwise they initially have indeterminate values (typically, whatever bit pattern happens to be present in the storage, which might not even represent a valid value for that type). If the program attempts to access an uninitialized value, the results are undefined. Many modern compilers try to detect and reprehend about this problem, but both false positives and false negatives occur.Another issue is that heap memory allocation has to be manually synchronized with its actual rule in any program in order for it to be reused as much as possible. For example, if the only pointer to a heap memory allocation g oes out of scope or has its value overwritten before free() has been called, then that memory cannot be recovered for later reuse and is essentially lost to the program, a phenomenon known as a memory leak. Conversely, it is possible to release memory too soon and continue to access it however, since the allocation system can re-allocate or itself use the freed memory, unpredictable behavior is likely to occur. Typically, the symptoms will appear in a portion of the program far removed from the actual error, making it difficult to dock down the problem. Such issues are ameliorated in languages with automatic garbage collection.

Colonialism in Ireland and Australia

Colonialism in Ireland and AustraliaA CRITICAL COMPARISON OF THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHIES OF COLONIALISM IN IRELAND AND AUSTRALIATable of Contents (Jump to)IntroductionBackgroundHistorical geographicsColonialismPost-Colonialism and Saids targetalismSimilarities between Australia and IrelandDifferences between Australia and IrelandThe notion of disco precise(prenominal)ConclusionWorks CitedIntroductionThis essay provide compare the historic geographies of compoundism in Ireland and Australia. First, it defines what we call back by historical geography as this is fundamental to how this analysis will be made. Second, it discusses what we mean by colonization and why it plays such a commutation role in historical geography. Third, it discusses the work of Edward Said, and in particular Orientalism. It compares and contrasts the compound experiences of Australia and Ireland within this context. Fourth, it explores the notions of exploration and conquering using early on single-valu ed functions of Australia and Ireland.Ireland and Australia are both post-colonial nations and in that respect is a batch of similarities in their historical geographies. Yet Ireland and Australia were fundamentally different places in the pre-colonialism era and remain so in the era of post-colonialism. This essay will compare and contrast the similarities and differences of their colonial histories.BackgroundHistorical GeographyFor the purposes of this essay, historical geography is defined as a division of geography that concerns itself with how cultural features of the multifaceted societies across the planet evolved and came into being (Wikipedia, 2006b). The discipline has traditionally considered the spatial- and place- focused orientation of geography, contrasting and combining the spatial interests of geography with the temporal interests of history, cr ingest a field touch on with changing spatial patterns and landscapes (Guelke, 1997 191). As Donald Meinig, peerless of the most influential Ameri tin historical geographers once stated I contain long insisted that by their very nature geography and history are analogous and interdep set asideent fields (1989 79).ColonialismAny discussion of colonialism also requires a definition of what we mean by the term. Colonialism is one of the most valuable features of modern history and, few(a) might argue, the undertaking that led to the birth of geography in the first off place. To define colonialism we must first define both other key terms in history empire and imperialism. The historian Michael Doyle defines empire as a relationship, formal or informal, in which one state controls the effective political sovereignty of another political society. It butt be achieved by force, by political collaboration, economic, social, or cultural dependance (in Said, 1993). Imperialism is broadly the practice, the theory and the way of thinking of a dominating centre that controls a far-off land (Said, 1993) as Doyle states, imperialism is simply the process or polity of establishing or go alonging empire (in Said, 1993). Within this context, colonialism can be defined as the implanting of settlements on distant territory and is virtual(prenominal)ly always a result of imperialism (Said, 1993).To essay out and contrast colonial experience, as closely as to understand why colonialism ensures so prominently in the word of historical geography, one must try to understand the sheer scale of colonial expansion. As Said (1993 1) explainsWestern power allowed the imperial and metropolitan centres at the end of the nineteenth century to grow and accumulate territory and subjects on a truly astonishing scale. Consider that in 1800, Western powers claimed fifty-five percent, but actually held approximately thirty-five percent, of the reasons surface. But by 1878, the percentage was sixty-seven percent of the world held by Western powers, which is a rate of increase of 83,000 square mile s per year. By 1914, the annual rate by which the Western empires acquired territory has risen to an astonishing 247,000 square miles per year. And Europe held a grand total of roughly eighty-five percent of the acres as colonies, protectorates, dependencies, dominions and Commonwealth No other associated set of colonies in history were as large, none so totally dominated, none so unequal in power to the Western metropolisThe scale of British colonialism in 1897 is visible in Map 1, marked in pink.Map 1. The British Empire acknowledgment http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_EmpireMap 2 shows all territories com bitd by the British Empire (1762-1984) and England (1066-1707) Ireland and Australia are coloured orange to signify that they were Dominions of the British Empire.Map 2. All territories ruled by England and the British EmpireSource http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_EmpirePost-Colonialism and Saids OrientalismOne of the most influential texts on post-colonialism discours e is doubtless Edward Saids loudness Orientalism, originally published in 1978. Orientalism is, in essence, the study of Near and Far Eastern societies and cultures by Westerners (Wikipedia, 2006c). Since the publication of Saids book, the term became (rightly) laden with ban connotations Saids book was at heart a critique of Orientalism as fundamentally a political doctrine that willed over the Orient because the Orient was weaker than the West, which elided the Orients difference with its weaknessAs a cultural apparatus Orientalism is all aggression, activity, judgment, will-to-truth, and knowledge. The book serves as the basis for one of the primary winding dichotomies in the study of human geography us and other (or the Orient/Occident distinction).Similarities between Australia and IrelandIt is in this context that we can identify the primary simile between the historical geographies of Ireland and Australia. If within this context we are meant to define the colonisers as us (i.e., those involved in Western geographical discourse) and the colonised as them or other, we reach a crucial problematic area with regards to the two nations at hand. Ireland and Australia are both nations left out of the post-colonial dialogue even though they are undeniably post-colonial. However, discussing these two nations within the dialogue of post-colonialism would ignore the fact that they are both relatively wealthy nations, members of the First World, with few similarities to the nations that are more frequently than not being discussed within the sphere. Yet, within the framework of other, they do share many similarities mainly because they are both peripheral from a Euro-centric viewpoint (Litvack, 2006 2) though this, economically at least(prenominal), is increasingly untrue concerning Ireland. Macintyre (1999 24) writes with regard to AustraliaThe Orient came to stand for a whole way of life that was inferior to that of the West indolent, irrational, despoti c, and decayed. Such typification of the alien and other, which the critic Edward Said characterizes as Orientalism, had a peculiar meaning in colonial Australia where geography contradicted history. Fascination and fear mingled in the colonists apprehension of the geographical zone that lay between them and the metropole. As a British dependency, Australia adopted the terminology that referred to the Near, Middle and Far East until, under threat of Japanese invasion in 1940, its prime minister suddenly recognized that What Great Britain call the Far East is to us the Near North.Slemon has argued for a discussion within post-colonial discourse of a Second World to accommodate those nations that cannot place themselves neatly on one side or the other of the colonizer/colonized double star (Kroeker, 2001 11). later all, both nations could be considered not just victim but also accomplice and beneficiary of colonialism (Litvack, 2006). Slemons idea is helpful in creating an alternati ve for the tough examples of post-colonial, white, settler cultures like that of Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Though Ireland is different, one could easily argue that the Second World is a better fit than the Third. In short, Ireland and Australias position in between these two very separate worlds of colonizer and colonized is an underlying similarity in their historical geographies of colonialism.Differences between Australia and IrelandThere is an important discrepancy within the context of Orientalism between Australia and Ireland. Abiding by the rules of historical geography, just as humans make their cultures and ethnic identities we also make our deliver histories. More often than not, memory is matched to history but as Collingwood (1970 in McCarthy, no date 13) states memory is not history, because history is a certain salmagundi of organized or inferential knowledge, and memory is not organized, not inferential at all. Though undoubtedly memory impinges on Irish h istory the same as any other, Irish history at least seems to have some type of consensus. On the other hand, there are two distinct versions of Australian history one that begins when the British landed in Botany Bay in 1788, and one that begins at least 40,000 (and possibly 120,000) geezerhood before that. Conventional Australian history to this day remains the version that begins with the arrival of the British as the old African proverb goes only when lions have historians will the hunters cease to be heroes. Key to the differences between Australia and Ireland in this context are issues of domination and race. The underlying argument here is that whilst the Irish were undoubtedly oppressed by British rule, it was a fundamentally different kind of oppression than that faced by Australias primordials.The domination and repression of the Irish during British colonial rule was done in the context of engagement. The native Irish were certainly disadvantaged by the British, and th is was a typical feature of colonialism Meinig has long drawn attention, within his geographical analysis of imperial expansion, to the employment of supreme political leave by the invaders over the invaded (Meinig, 1989). The relationship between the British and the Irish fits very neatly into Meinigs theories of subjugation. One of his arguments is that the goal of imperial expansion was to extract wealth and in doing so to forge new economic relationships to reach these ends. The political authority of the British (invaders) over the Irish (invaded) is illustrated by the manipulation of ethnic and religious identities that occurred in order to keep the subject population from uniting against the occupying power (Wikipedia, 2006a). frugal exploitation under British rule had an ethnic (and latently nationalist) dimension because it was expressed through religious discrimination (Komito, 1985 3). The legacy of this divide and rule strategy (as well as the link between religion an d nationalism) remains in Ireland today.The Great Irish Famine remains, to this day, the defining moment in Irishhistory (Kenny, 2001). betwixt 1840 and 1850, the Irish population was reduced from 8.2 million to 4.1 million including out-migration as well as deaths from starvation (Guinnane, 1998). Irish land was by and large owned by English landlords and worked by Irish tenants at the time of the famine, these peasants had to choose between paying the rent for the land with their other crops (and possibly starving), or eating their rent and being liable to eviction. The British government first ignored the famine and when relief effort was made it was erratic and unreliable. Many had died from starvation those who emigrated, and those who survived in Ireland, remembered the inadequate and uncaring response of Britain. More than any other single event in history, the Famine came to epitomize, for many Irish mickle, the quintessential example of British stances to its neighbour (Komito, 2006 3).On the other hand, the policy of the British towards the aboriginals in Australia was not one of subjugation but extermination. Whereas most of the Irish in Ireland (as well as the estimated 80 million Irish that live abroad) proudly claim Celtic ancestry, the natives in Australia suffered a dramatic decline with European settlement, brought on by the engagement of new diseases, repressive and often brutal treatment, dispossession, and social and cultural disruption and disintegration (Year Book Australia, 1994). Conservative estimates of the Aboriginal population pre-1788 place the figure at somewhere around 300,000, though many anthropologists now view there were probably closer to one million Aboriginals in 1788. Data from the Australian assurance of Statistics reveals that in 1966 (approaching the bicentennial of the founding of Australia that was so widely and rightly protested by the Aboriginal population) there were only 80,207 indigenous members of th e population. Even if one assumes (or accepts) a figure of zero population growth, this figure is still only about 26 percent of the original population. Whilst the Aboriginal population continued to expand at the end of the 20th century an estimated resident Indigenous population of 469,000 is projected for this year it is clear to see that it came close to being exterminated. This increasing number of indigenous people still represents only about 2.4 percent of the total Australian population (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006).And so comes the issue of race. Much of Saids work, for example, deals with the white mans oppression of the brown. Whereas the Irish were certainly subjugated, they were viewed simply as inferior. The Aboriginals, in contrast, were viewed as subhuman, and as animals they possessed no rights, nor any claim to piety (Pilger, 1989 27). Australia, here, seems to have more in common with the Dark Continent than with any imperialism within Europe. Some co lonial nations, often referred to as settler countries, had the same attitude towards the natives as that in Australia. In Canada, New Zealand, and even Latin American settler countries Argentina and Uruguay, trivial effort was made by the colonist to maintain the existing order, to establish commercial (or other) relations with the inhabitants, or even to recruit them as labour. Instead of involving themselves with the native populations, these lands were simply cleared and settled as tonal field of European endeavour (Macintyre, 1999 20). Again, this is not to argue that the Irish were not oppressed during English dominion but simply to state that they were at least acknowledged in a way that the Aboriginals were not. One might even venture to argue that the treatment of the Aboriginals in Australia was so horrific that it has led to their virtual writing out of traditional Australian memory and consequently history. In The Fatal Shore, Robert Hughes describes what he calls a na tional pact of silence (Pilger, 1989) over the Aboriginal issue. There is no topic more sensitive in Australia than that of the Aboriginals. This aspect of the British colonial legacy has certainly constructed a version of history that, as many Australians say, is missing something (Pilger, 1989). Burgmann and Lee make clear at the beginning of their book, A Peoples History of Australia, that their aim is not merely to avenge for past neglect, but to assert that we can only understand Australias history by analysing the lives of the oppressed (in Pilger, 1989 3). After all, a nation founded on bloodletting and suffering of others eventually must make peace with that one historical truth (Pilger, 1989 3).In short, the history of the colonizer and the colonized in Australia and Ireland is enormously different. Australia has, for the blend few decades, seemingly been coming to terms with their national past and incorporating the near total-destruction of Aboriginal life and culture into their accepted version of history. Ireland, of course, maintains a history as constructed as any other nations theirs, unlike that of the Australians, does not seem to be silencing any important truths.The notion of discoveryIn the early nineteenth century, the primary aims and concerns of Geography were to collect and publish new facts and discoveries, to develop instruments of use to travellers, and to accumulate geographical texts, in particular maps. Geography was, in many ways, an instrument of the empire, an impression that is illustrated well by the number of military men that were members of the Royal Geographic Society in the early nineteenth century. Topography and mapping by and large went hand in hand with notions of colonialism and expansion. Wood wrote that maps work because they give us reality, a reality that exceeds our vision, our reach, the span of our days, a reality we achieve no other way (1993 4-5). In short, maps manage to pass off for evident truth wha t is hard won, culturally acquired knowledge about the world we inhabit a reality unverifiable by the naked eye (Klein, 1998 1). This section will argue that early colonial maps of both Ireland and Australia used cartography to meet their colonial desires. The key difference was that early maps of Australia displayed a land undefeated and uninhabited whereas colonial maps of Ireland represented a land very much conquered.Early maps of colonial Australia and Ireland also illustrate another key difference the British believed they had discovered Australia, whilst they never assumed to have discovered the Emerald Isle. In reality, they had not discovered Australia each the very fact that Cook discovered Australia strikes many today as false as the British claim to sovereignty over it (Macintyre, 1999 25). After all, how can you find something that is already known? (Macintyre, 1999 25). The conception of unconquered and sluggish land figures very prominently in the geography of dis covery and colonialism. The sheer size of Australia allowed its settlers to believe they had found a previously unconquered, uninhabited landmass. Clearly, there is an element of sheer size. The Australian continent has an astronomical area of 7,682,300 square kilometres, compared to Irelands 70,300. Early maps of Australia often display an indeterminate continent, and decorated it with lush vegetation and barbarous splendour (Macintyre, 1999 25). Other maps often neglected the south coast entirely, and left a vacant (or unexplored and therefore non-existent?) centre, as seen in Map 3, which is believed to date from the 1800s. Part and parcel of colonial imagination has been to make out no territorial limits in its desire for the unknown and the unconquered.Map 3. Early Map of AustraliaSource MSN Encarta.Map 4. Early Map of AustraliaSource http//www.chr.org.au/earlymapsofaustralia/Images/Map%20before%20captain%20cook%201753%20Jacques%20Nicolas.jpgMap 4 further emphasizes the unconqu ered aspect by leaving great tracts of the continent blank on maps it was easier to believe that those very tracts were untouched and uninhabited. The vast emptiness of early Australian maps can also be viewed as a reactionary defensive mechanism. Numerically, the colonizers in Australia were (initially) a minority. In colonial theory in general, this was problematic because minorities were established as outsiders in society. It was doubly problematic in Australia because of its role as the dumping-ground for convicts (Macintyre, 1999 18) in its early English settlement. To conceptualise and construct a large vacant quad allowed for the idea of an uninhabited continent to flourish, and allowed the early colonizers to reject the idea of being a minority.In contrast, early maps of Ireland try to conceptualise a country that is controlled and conquered. In a study of the English construction of Irish space in a series of Elizabethan and Jacobean maps, Klein (1998 4) found that most do little to hide their involvement in the colonial politics of their historical moment. In gradually redefining the savage Irish wasteland as a territorial extension service of the national sphere, they are quite openly engaged in negotiating the political accommodation of Irish cultural difference into a British framework.Baptista Boazios Irlande (Map 5) is believed to be the first map of Ireland, dating from 1559. Today, this map does not meet with much approval the lavish ornamental flourish, the purely fictional character of some of the maps topographical details and the extravagant use of colour are all features that suggest that precise geographical information was not the maps principal objective (Klein, 1998 15).Map 5. Boazios IrlandeSource Klein, 1998.The Kingdome of Ireland (Map 6) was the standard delegation of Ireland for the first half of the 17th century. This map portrays a neat and short controlled area a peaceful and quiet expanse. The pictorial surface of the map achieves both homogeneity and balance, suggesting a spatial harmony devoid of conflict (Klein, 1998 17). Moreover, the wild men and women of Ireland depicted on the map seem to register a cartographic transfer of political authority in Ireland from native Irish to English colonizers (Klein, 1998 17).Map 6. Speeds Kingdome of IrelandSource Klein, 1998.In short, early maps of Ireland and Australia made great attempts to represent (and reaffirm) colonial truths. As Klein (1998 1) states, it should be noted that some eyes are as blind as others are observant, and contemporaries also recognized that the abstraction of geometric scale may quietly secrete rather than openly disclose geographical information. Representation of these two nations were different in that Australia was represented as unconquered and ready for the taking, whereas Ireland was represented very much as conquered. This had to do with both the differences in size of the two nations at hand, as well as with their proximity to England.ConclusionThis essay has assay to analyse the historical geographies of colonialism in Australia and Ireland. It has shown that though the two nations share some overriding similarities (many simply attributed to being post-colonial), there are also a multitude of differences in their historical geographies.The comparison was made in two basic contexts. First, the analysis was made within Saids Orientalism. It argued that both Ireland and Australia were stuck between the binary of us and other, between the First and Third Worlds. However, it argued that due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, race, proximity, and area, their experience of Orientalism was fundamentally different.The second sections analysed the representation of colonialism in early maps of Australia and Ireland. Here the countries again displayed significant difference Australia was depicted as a land waiting to be conquered, and Ireland as neat and controlled.A further gene ral note can be made in that this essay demonstrated the power of memory and history on geography, and vice versa. Having analysed the historical geographies of Australia and Ireland, one would certainly agree that geography and history are analogous and interdependent fields.Works CitedAustralian Bureau of Statistics (2004) Yearbook Australia Population Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, forthcoming from www.abs.gov.auGuelke, L. (1997) The Relations Between Geography and History Reconsidered, History and Theory, 36 (2), pp. 191-234.Hughes, R. (1986) The Fatal Shore The epic of Australias founding, New York vintage Books.Klein, B. (1998) Partial Views Shakespeare and the Map of Ireland, Early Modern Literary Studies, Special Issue 3, 1-20.Kroeker, A. Separation from the World Post-colonial aspects of Mennonite/s wiring in Western Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba University of Manitoba.Litvack, L. (2006) Theories of Post-Coloniality Edward W. Said and W.B. Yeats, availabl e from www.qub.ac.uk/en/imperial/ireland/saidyeat.htmMacintyre, S. (1999) A Concise History of Australia, Cambridge Cambridge University Press.McCarthy, M. (no date) Historico-Geographical Explorations of Irelands Heritages Toward a Critical Understanding of the Nature of Memory and Identity, available from http//www.ashgate.com/subject_area/downloads/sample_chapters/IrelandsHeritagesCh1.pdfMcCarthy, M. (2003), Historical geographies of a colonized world the renegotiation of New English colonialism in early modern urban Ireland, c. 1600-10, Irish Geography, 36(1), 59-76.Meinig, D. W. (1982) Geographical analysis of imperial expansion, in Baker, A. R. H. and Billinge, M. (eds.) peak and place Research methods in historical geography, Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Meinig, D. W. (1989) The Historical Geography of Imperative, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 79, 79-87.Pilger, J. (1989) A Secret Country, Sydney Random House.Said, E. (1979) Orientalism, New York vintage Books.Said, E. (1993) Culture and Imperialism, lecture given at York University, Toronto, Canada, 10 February 1993.Wikipedia (2006a) British Empire, available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_EmpireWikipedia (2006b) Geography, available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeographyWikipedia (2006c) Orientalism, available from http//en.wikipedia/org/wiki/OrientalismWood, D. (1993) The Power of Maps, London Routledge

Concept Of Economic Base And Superstructure Sociology Essay

Concept Of Economic Base And Superstructure Sociology EssayIn Marxist theory of history, existence of homo life-time depends upon economic bodily function. This activity is determined by the combination of superstructure and substructure/ bum. The nonion of Base-Superstructure is mainly concerned with the mode of issue, forces of production, sexual dealings of production and friendly consciousness. It is situated on the scientific view that course of history socioeconomic formation can be predicted on the basis of cloth needs and conditions of a guild. This scientific bearing of Marx economic theory distinguishes it from some separate theories. The object of this dichotomy is to explain the nature of economical production and hu patch productive activity for survival. The distinction between them was ab initio stated in Part one of The German Ideology by Karl Marx and Engels in 1846. This economic theory of social system is so deterministic that limits and directs the human activity and ideology.In order to know the dialectical activity of superstructure and base, it is necessary to understand the disposition of base because of all human economic activity is founded on it. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979) states base asThe base of a society is the totality of the historically determined relations of production.Base is divided into 2 parts forces of production and relations of production. Productive forces are characterized as those phenomena which influence the substructure or economical base. These phenomena are important for the stability of economic base and nature of base/substructure determines the superstructure. Thus both of these entities have dialectical character.This antagonistic relation between base and superstructure gives revolution an uplift.Individual becomes conscious when the other society fellows struggle frames the economic transformation with the corresponding changes in superstructure and base. So, changes in cultural institutions such as law, art, education, philosophy and religion correspond with the prior changes in the economic substructure. It is the ideology that designs changes in the behavior of take to the woodsers.Conflicts in the productive forces and relations of production stimulate awareness in the owners of the laborers class. And due to this conflict a social transition results in a new form of society. Mode/Method of production quantitatively and qualitatively changes. In this developed form forces and relations of production fit precisely together unless operative class becomes fully aware of the exploitation of their rights, laboring activity and extra working hours. Old superstructure collapses and transforms in relation to substructure making the antagonistic relationship between the employers and employee.The confrontation in the classes during the steadfast dialectical process in the history, arises the working class to take a stand against the ruling class, for example F rench Renaissance.Productive forces which have been changing technologically throughout the history. Beginning from the primitive communism to the present day era, camp- do simple tools replaced by complicated machines. Modes of labor and skill also transformed. Man-power utilized in the mills instead of crops and fields from the first step of extracting crude material to the shaping and recycling, employers learned to manage the skillful and useful workers accordingly. This framed the society into different relations of production. Social formation is settled on how the forces and relations of production fit together. So every society has its own relations. More developed the society, more than complex the relations are. Primitive society, imagination of collective ownership prevailed. the concept of private property introduced class differences, class society into commanding masters and submissive slaves, In feudalism into feudal lords and serfs and in capitalism into bourgeois ie and proletariats. In all these times producer has been used to produce capital goods which alienated him from his activity, production and surrounding. And the powerful gained control over the human laboring activity as well as the material goods. Though the dominant class is less in number than the dominated yet the money strengthens and healthyize the authority of power-broker on police, media, law-abiding and other cultural institutions. This outspread mastery now rules the thoughts and beliefs of the citizenry. These beliefs are set by the ruling class according to their interests. The material base is headed by the ideological superstructure. These ideas cover political, theological, economical, legal, educational sides to thatify divisions of class.It is the duty of the subordinates to serve the superior class though the workers are waged for their struggles. In order to legitimize their rule, they must count as saviors who possess best managerial capabilities, which nece ssitate their existence to refrain the society from chaos. Unconsciously, in the most cases, people adopt the servile attitude and work for authorities willingly. Religion, in the course of human history, has been a key factor in making agreeable mindset in favor of the political parties, for example, geocentricism could not be criticized in the 17th century because of the church priests. Marx says religion as opiate of the class that dulls the mind.From early childhood schooling to the university level, this consistent indoctrination is tutored. This Engels called as false consciousness. The working class accepts the ideas as is, remains unaware of its interests thus suffers from alienation and exploitation.ConclusionThey correlate when the productive activity is in interaction with needs. This means the mutual relations between the quantity and quality of the production. For example, in the industrial society, a huge man power working in the fields is replaced by the machines. Har vesters and tractors supersede the farmers. It made many skilful persons out-of-work. Their old knowledge does not correspond with the new technology. Quality of labor activity reduced and quantity of production increased. Now more food with better nutrition can be produced in lesser time. Skills of earlier stage of society do not coincide in their characteristics with skills of later on stage.Society is administered by laws not based on laws. Its base is economy. People work and earn to comprise. Their interests and skills determine their choice of occupation. A single person cannot live without a society. He/she is an integral part of society, its norms, culture and attitude. People live together because it fulfils their needs too. Thus, livelihood is the key factor of social formation. Law, politics, norms, and others are consequence prior to economy. These are tied in by the material needs and prevailing productive techniques.This makes the whole mode of production. And conse quently, change in the productive activity will precede an ideological change. Thus this change in productive activity needs formulation of new laws or changes in prevalent legal commands of society to improve the status of life and agree with its requirements (cloth, food, dwellings). This is the classical example showing that superstructure reacts upon the change in the base.Intellectual ability, judgment, ideals and high level of cognition distinguishes creation form other beings in the nature. Their faculty of reason helps them to be habituated with the surrounding. They do not migrate to other lands just because of the intense weather or other usual changes in the environment as most birds do. Instead, they generate their ways of sustenance. Unlike animals, they develop their living standards.A human society is not just a mass of walking-talking bodies. They also have minds to think and evaluate with. Though they are combined in groups with green interests, it is natural that they develop a common understanding. Thinking is a subjective activity conditioned with biases and prior education. Being a part of a society, individuals think on different grounds. Every man is unique in his nature and builds his philosophy of life as he sees it. This philosophy is detrimental if imposed on others forcefully. Like elders in families, every society needs a body of leadership capable enough to maintain law and order. This part of society is called superstructure in historical materialism. Economic base is crest with the ideological superstructure.Forces of production regulate social relations of production not the other way around. These forces are

Henr Fayol & Management Essay -- essays research papers

The work of Taylor and Fayol is necessityly complementary. They both realized that the problem of HR and their management at all levels is the key to line of work success. Both applied scientific method to this problem. Taylor worked primarily on the operative level, from the bottom of the organizational hierarchy upward. Fayol concentrated on the Managing Director (his term) and worked downward.Unlike Taylor, Fayols work reflects a tension between his recognition that managers are not supermen and yet employees should not be allowed enough autonomy and account skill to solve second-order problems (problems for which there are no precedents, or previous exemplary solutions).Additionally, Fayols work provides much more insights into the intellectual underpinnings of the approach.On the division of labor (9, 13) The near important ability of the worker is "technical" (physical) ability. As one goes up the organization ladder, the relative importance of managerial ability i ncreases, while that of technical ability decreases. To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, coordinate and to control (p. 6).General Principles of Management1. Division of work. Specialization belongs to the natural order (a religious belief?). Management should pursue calibration of work. The object of work is to produce more and better with the same effort. The worker always on the same part, the manager concerned always with the same matters, consider an ability, sureness, and accuracy which increase their output.2. Authority and duty. The good manager should have official authority deriving from office and personal authority, compounded of intelligence, experience, moral worth, ability to lead, sometime(prenominal) services, etc. Responsibility is a corollary of authority, it is its natural consequence and essential counterpart, and where authority is exercised responsibility arises.3. Discipline. Discipline is obedience, application, energy, behavior, an d respect. Discipline is absolutely essential for the smooth running of business and without discipline no enterprise could prosper.When a defect in discipline is apparent or when relations between superiors and subordinates leave much to be desired, responsibility for this must not be cast heedlessly, and without going further afield, on the poor state of the team, because the ill mostly results... ...the combination of kindliness and justice (as outlined by?).12. Stability of tenure of personnel. It seems that the whole idea of job security is really geared toward stabilizing management. Generally, the managerial personnel of prosperous firms is stable, that of unsuccessful ones is unstable.However, he does mention employment stability re "employees." Time is required for an employee to get used to new work and succeed in doing it well. If when he has got used to it, or before then, he is removed, he will not have time to render worthwhile service. (Interestingly, there i s no mention of such "soft" elements as commitment, moral, and satisfaction.)13. Initiative. Thinking out a plan and ensuring its success is one of the keenest satisfaction for an intelligent man to experience. It is also one of the most powerful stimulants of human endeavor. Hence, it is essential to encourage and develop this capacity to the full.14. Esprit de corps. Harmony, union among the personnel of a concern, is great strength in that concern. Effort, then, should be made to establish it (this seems to mean, making sure that front-line employees debauch into his managerial system).

Eastman Chemical :: essays research papers

Eastman Chemical Company hardened in Kingsport, Tennessee is in an industry that produces basic and immediate chemicals, military posture chemicals, agricultural chemicals, petrochemicals, plastics and fibers, and paints and coatings. Eastman also manufactures over 1200 chemicals, fibers and plastics as well as being the largest supplier of polyester plastics. Currently Eastman employs over 15,000 people in 30 countries with manufacturing sites tactically located in 17 countries, with Asia Pacific Region Office being one of their key offices.Eastman is known in the chemical industry as a reality leader in the e-business. They are the first chemical company to provide their customers with e-business, which allowed them to do business in a much easier and efficient manner. Eastman e-business specializes in an online shopfront and transactional Customer Centra Web-enable auctions alliances and investments in digital business, along with system-to-system ERP connections. The main foc us of Eastmans e-business was1. Creating customer-centric solutions2. Portfolio of option, along with providing solutions for customers via electronic means3. Invest in technologies/capabilities that bring value to customers4. Be externally focused5. Form partnerships6. Build an e-brand, which attract customers, suppliers and technology partners7. Leverage its intellectual capital, industry knowledge, network of contacts, credibility, brand and customer baseBy implementing the e-business, Eastmans customers were able to view products, check status of orders, access certificates of analysis, material safety data sheets, etc. The only problem Eastman originally saw with the e-business model which they hold up worked so hard to implement was that only 22 of the companies, which they do business with, are connected. And its very important to get all the companies connected into their infrastructure, which testament provide all their customers with the seven foundational principles. Kn owing the importance of getting the industry knowledgeable and connected to the e-business, Craig horse, the Asia Pacific Digital Business and Customer Service bus of Eastman Asia Division was tasked to sell the Eastmans philosophy. Knight made a two-week trip to Tokyo, Shanghai, and Malaysia to sell Eastmans integrated electronic supply chain, known as the interconnected System Solution (ISS), to business partners in the industry. He was able to sell Nagase & Co., Ltd, a company in Japan on the ISS, but they had some concerns regarding the system. Knight truly understood their concerns, and made every effort to ease the process by providing the long-term benefits of the ISS to Nagase & Co., Ltd and other business partners.According to George Eastman, business as rough-cut can put you out of business.