Interesting Facts About Laura Ingalls Wilder

Are you looking for interesting facts about Laura Ingalls Wilder, author of the Little House books? Generations of children have delighted in her stories. In her Little House books, Laura Ingalls Wilder Wilder shared stories based on her own life and provided a fascinating look at the daily life of a pioneer girl and her family in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Here are some interesting facts about the beloved author. A Real Pioneer Girl Laura really was a pioneer girl, living in Wisconsin Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa and Dakota Territory while she was growing up. Her Little House books are closely based on her life, but they are not an exact account; they are historical fiction rather than nonfiction. The Ingalls Family Laura Ingalls was born on February 7, 1867 near Pepin, Wisconsin, the child of Charles and Caroline Ingalls. Laura’s sister, Mary, was two years older than Laura and her sister, Carrie, was more than three years younger. When Laura was 8, her brother, Charles Frederic, was born. He died less than a year later. When Laura was 10, her sister, Grace Pearl, was born. Laura Grows Up After she passed the test and received her teaching certificate at the age of 15, Laura spent several years teaching school. On August 25, 1885, when Laura was 18, she married Almanzo Wilder. She wrote about his childhood in upstate New York in her Little House book Farmer Boy. The Difficult Years The first years of Almanzo and Laura’s marriage were very difficult and included illness, the death of their baby son, poor crops and a fire. Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote about those years in the last of her Little House books, The First Four Years, which was not published until 1971. Rose Wilder One joyous event in the early years was the birth of Laura and Almanzo’s daughter, Rose, in 1886. Rose grew up to be a writer. She is credited with helping to convince her mother to write the Little House books and helping with editing, although exactly how much is still somewhat in question. Rocky Ridge Farm After several moves, in 1894, Laura, Almanzo and Rose moved to Rocky Ridge Farm near Mansfield, Missouri, and there Laura and Almanzo remained until their deaths. It was at Rocky Ridge Farm that Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote the Little House books. The first was published in 1932 when Laura was 65 years old. Laura Ingalls Wilder, Writer Laura did have some writing experience before she wrote the Little House books. In addition to working on their farm, Laura held several part-time writing jobs, including serving for more than a decade as as a columnist for Missouri Ruralist, a bimonthly farm paper. She also had articles in other publications, including Missouri State Farmer and St. Louis Star. The Little House Books In all, Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote nine books that came to be known as â€Å"Little House† books. Little House in the Big WoodsFarmer BoyLittle House on the PrairieOn the Banks of Plum CreekBy the Shores of Silver Lake The Long WinterLittle Town on the PrairieThese Happy Golden YearsThe First Four Years The Laura Ingalls Wilder Award After four of the Little House Books won Newbery Honors, the American Library Association established the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award to honor authors and illustrators whose childrens books, published in the United State, have had a major impact on children’s literature. The first Wilder Award was awarded in 1954 and Laura Ingalls Wilder was the recipient. Other recipients have included: Tomie dePaola (2011), Maurice Sendak (1983), Theodor S. Geisel/Dr. Seuss (1980) and Beverly Cleary (1975). The Little House Books Live On Almanzo Wilder died on October 23, 1949. Laura Ingalls Wilder died on February 10, 1957, three days after her 90th birthday. Her Little House books had already become classics and Laura delighted in the responses of young readers to her books. Children all over the world, particularly 8 to 12 year olds, continue to enjoy and learn from Lauras stories of her life as a pioneer girl. Sources Bio.com: Laura Ingalls Wilder Biography, Laura Ingalls Wilder Award Home Page, HarperCollins: Laura Ingalls Wilder Biography Miller, John E., Becoming Laura Ingalls Wilder: The Woman Behind the Legend, University of Missouri Press, 1998

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Area...

What are the advantages and disadvantages of area approaches to tackling poverty and deprivation? By Lauren Wright, word limit 25000 words Poverty and deprivation remains a vast problem in the United Kingdom, charity Oxfam (2013) reveals that 1 in 5 households are living under the poverty line making daily life a struggle. The UK government has implemented area-based approaches in order to tackle poverty and deprivation since the 1960s, these initiatives target geographical areas that experience high levels of poverty and deprivation. These methods have always provoked diverse reactions with differences in opinions of the pros and cons they display to communities, individuals and society as a whole and whether it is an effective†¦show more content†¦One of the first initiatives introduced was the Education Action Zone strategy, this initiative is a revised modern version of the Plowden Report and its objectives, and the policy aims to tackle problems in deprived areas such as under-achievement and low educational standards (Smith 2003). The pilot program uses the latest release of ‘The Index of Multiple D eprivation’ in order to select 25 Education Action Zones. These areas have the highest levels of disadvantaged and underperforming schools and the strategy intended to improve standards and decrease truancy rates. Among the different proposals of change include the proposal of a new curriculum, changing the way teachers are trained and the use of 24 hour classrooms. Education action zones are run by a host of representatives, including schools, businesses, parents and the local education authority with a secretary appointee. Each zone receives  £750,000 from the government annually and  £250,000 from a private business that funds and/or sponsors the schools within that zone (Whitfield 2000). This particular approach creates a solid partnership between communities within the zones, resulting in the schools links with parents being strengthened by applying them a role in civic education (Hatcher Leblond 2001). Such local programs may increase theShow MoreRelatedCommunity Crime Prevention Strategies3608 Words   |  15 Pagesresidents to be able to live their lives freely, yet still feel comfortable and protected in their area by local authorities. All citizens should be able to live without interruption or fear that may come from crime and disorder. In some ways community safety can be hard to define, as various communities have different ways of carrying out the service. In some communities citizens have a say in what issues they feel need to be addressed and prioritized for action in their community; and in othersRead MoreHealth Promotion Is A Process Of Empowerment3669 Words   |  15 Pagesinequalities through the promotion of health and healthy living. It incorpora tes a broad range of interventions, measures, approaches and activities to enhance the health of populations, individuals and the communities in which they live. Earle (2007) 2 intimated that anyone concerned with trying to facilitate change or influence and improve health needs to recognise what people mean when they talk about health. He proposes that understanding why people behave in a certain way when it comes toRead MoreEthics of Information Communication Technology (Ict)27618 Words   |  111 Pagesglobal problem that threatens all countries and economies. As a crime that is committed across national borders, it requires cooperative, pro-active approaches in support of the less developed countries of the region. The objective of this paper is to compile: i. Information concerning ethical issues in the Asia-Pacific regarding: i. Digital Divide ii. Poverty iii. Piracy iv. Cybercrime v. Human Rights vi. Gender Equality Information on the initiatives and programmes undertaken at the local, national,

Study on the Management Factors of the Sustainable Development

Question: Describe the impact of the oil and gas exploration/production/distribution on the environment. Answer: Introduction In the course of recent decades, with the quick development of industrialization every current area has been benefitted with real advantages in securing real assets from various sources. The mechanical segment has productively seen diverse viewpoints that have prompted the huge addition on the part of major nations. One of the primary segments that have increased much predominance in the industrialization development is the generation of vitality, oil and gas. It was primarily the inlet nations like UAE, Saudi Arabia and so on that drove energy around here (Adebo and O. O, 2015). Be that as it may, with important income strategies and structure enormous opening for different nations to exchange on oil and gas generally for the financial advancement has developed. Most countries rely on oil. States will put forth an admirable attempt to gain oil generation ability or to be guaranteed access to the free stream of oil. States have even ended up included in clashes over territories which might just potentially contain oil assets. This pattern is prone to proceed later on unless some prudent asset is found or the oil wells become dry. A significant issue that is solely connected with the oil distribution and production is the huge impacts that are bringing mishap to the earth (Akono, 2013). Moreover, mishaps and strife can disturb creation or the genuine oil asset, which can likewise bring about ecological pulverization. One particular answer for this issue is to save the earth and its asset by the fuel economies around the globe. Background to the Issue Although a significant part of our world prolifically depends on the circulation and generation of oil for boosting the economies, but these ways can also bring major harm to the ecosystem and environment of the earth in both ways inadvertently or intentionally. The creation and transportation of oil can actually upset the human population along with the aquatic creatures. Dumping of oil wastes, circulation contamination, oil spills etc can create devastation on the natural space and life of the earth (Auld, 2015). It undermines the eradication of various plants and animals and harm various areas, air, species of plants and animals. Marine lives are the most impacted species by the oil circulation and generation. It is caused by substance parts of the oil or the physical way of the oil. The marine life has been influenced in the oil operations through the physical way causing major physical harm to the marine animals and plants species (Cairns and Meganck, 1994). The plants and the animals are those marine creatures those are at danger that can significantly come into contact with the surface of the defiled ocean. The reptiles and marine creatures along with the winged creatures those are basically nourished by the frame rushes or jumping to the ocean are the marine life of the ocean and sea shorelines that boosts the plants as well as the creatures of the mariculture facilities. The overflow of oil and petroleum has led the petrochemical plants to dump huge amounts of lethal squanders deep into the adjacent ocean or sea. The oil and gas pipelines have significantly impacted the numerous springs, coastlines, waterways, huge fields and land of cropping. While along the coastlines narrow tidal waterways are hugely impacted by the oil spills and leakage of harmful chemicals. It has also been seen that oil circulation and generation has led to direct harm and aftereffect straightforwardly to the area and the human life. The harm can actually incorporate the significant contamination of the water species along with the defilement of various amounts of dirt. People are also affected by the ecological decimation since it is directly harming the vegetation and the domesticated animals (Curran, 2015). The ecological decimation has also affected the soundness of the human body. Oil spills can be dealt with action taken by various forces and aquatic plants that signific antly needs endless supply of quality seawater for the safe operation of the commercial ports and enterprises located on the coastlines of the sea. Natural harm may likewise create an aftereffect of contention over oil-creating locales. Ecological mischief connected with oil assets can either be ascribed to a reaction of disagreement or, now and again, it is relating to the military animosity that is proposed to harm the corporate property of the locale. Overview of Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Process There are basically two parts or sections in the oil and gas industry: 'challenging' the investigation along with generation s one of the most important part of the industry; and 'downstream' that manages decontamination and handling of unrefined petroleum and gas items. Organizations working in the business might be viewed as completely incorporated, or might focus on a scrupulous part, for example, investigation and generation (Gmen, 2014). Numerous expansive organizations work all around and, are portrayed as 'multi-nationals' while other littler groups focus on particular ranges of the world and are regularly alluded to as 'independents'. Oil and gas experimental investigation mainly started in the year 1912 in Cushing Field of Oklahoma, USA where the geologists initially included the disclosure. The major process continues as before. However, advanced innovation and designing have boundlessly enhanced execution and security. With a specific end goal to value the roots of the potential effects of oil advancement upon nature, it is critical to comprehend the exercises included. For recognizing of land the seismic method is prolifically used and it solely depends on the various intelligent aspects of different rock strata and sound waves underneath the physical maritime surfaces (Holling, 1986). The diversified land strata mainly exists as a basic part of vital energy that is transmitted to the reflective layers inside of the earth, the rest are reflected back to the surface of the earth. Dynamites or explosives were initially used as a major vitality source, yet natural contemplations now for the most part support the lower vitality sources, for example vibroseis ashore i.e. made out of using pressurized water and the compressed air firearm in a seaward investigation. Potential Environmental Impacts The research and creation operations of oil and gas significantly hold the potential of an assortment and effects on our environment. The "sways" rely on the phase of procedure, the amount and intricacy of the undertaking, the environment and affectability of the encompassing atmosphere and the viability of arranging, contamination counteractive action, and alleviation and control strategies. In evaluating potential effects, it is essential to judge the geographic extent, (worldwide, territorial, nearby) over the major factors that might cause (Kalalo, 2015). Correspondingly, it is critical to consider observation Furthermore, the size of potential effects, which will much of the time rely on upon subjective understanding of worthiness or centrality. Counsel, arrangement and comprehension are keys to the issue, and will help with moving from positions of the showdown, reliance or separation among partners to areas of commonly concurred and comprehended association between accomplices . Human, Cultural and Socioeconomic Impacts land-use examples, for example, farming, angling, logging, chasing, as an immediate outcome (for instance land-take Furthermore, rejection) or as a different issue by giving new get to courses, prompting impromptu settlement also, misuse of personal assets; nearby populace levels, as an aftereffect of migration (work power) and in the movement of a remote populace because of expanded access and opportunities (Lemons, 1995); Atmospheric Impacts flaring, venting and cleaning gasses; burning procedures, for example, diesel motors and gas turbines; outlaw gasses from stacking operations and tankage and misfortunes from procedure hardware (Luxchaigul, 2014); airborne particulates from soil unsettling influence amid development and, from vehicle activity; Particulates from other smoldering sources, for example, well testing. Aquatic Impacts created water; colorless liquids, along with quality chemicals; procedure, and seepage water; sewerage, sterile and local squanders; Spillage (Makelane, 2015). Terrestrial Impacts physical aggravation as an aftereffect of development; Tainting coming about because of spillage and spillage or effective waste transfer; The circuitous effect was emerging from opening access and social change. Factors for Effective Application of Environmental Legislation proper universal rules and regulations along with national laws clear strategies for choices on ventures/exercises; enactment of plainly characterized obligations and appropriate liabilities; enforceable principles for operations; sound checking methodology and conventions; execution reporting; sufficiently financed and spurred requirement powers; the presence of sufficient discussion and offer methods; Proper authorizations and political will for the requirement Environmental Management in Oil and Gas Industry Improvement exercises of Oil and gas are required to develop to address the issue of developing nations, and it can be securely done with least unfavorable natural sway, just through a serious organization responsibility for ecological assurance (Productivity and Sustainable Management of the Humboldt Current Large Marine Ecosystem under climate change, 2015). The host government too needs a strong comprehension of investigation and creation operations and how they might influence nature. The exercises on both sides ought to in a perfect world be correlative to accomplish the savviest and earth sound methodology. It is present, for the most part, recognized that this method: methodically incorporates genuine issues into business choices through utilization of formal administration frameworks; Includes wellbeing, security and provincial administration into a unique system; Considers every single ecological part i.e. air, water, soil, and so forth.) Counteracts dump through contamination avoidance strategies and making re-utilization of squander segments, as opposed to introducing costly treatment for releases; Assesses options on a cost/advantage/hazard premise that incorporates natural qualities; Targets for minimizing asset inputs; and develops and takes a stab at constant change (Verma and Sangle, 2014). Investigation and creation operations include an assortment of connections, from the organization and temporary worker associations, furthermore, joint endeavors, to managing different partners, for example, the general population and the government. Legitimate issues are presently so various, perplexing, interconnected furthermore, ceaselessly developing, implies that a specially appointed way to deal with critical thinking is no more thought to be powerful (Westing, 1996). Hence, a requirement for a precise way to deal with the administration of wellbeing, security and ecological (HSE) issues must be significantly upheld. Alternative means available for Sustainable development of Oil and Gas Industry For meeting the basic challenge of sustainability and fulfilling the significant demand growth, it is necessary for the companies dealing with oil and gas to invest in recent innovative and better technologies along with significant talents. It is mandatory for bringing the specific cause just for the sustainable development of oil and gas. Alternative means will be the key source that will have a particular effect on sustainability of oil and gas. Thus it requires good amount of investments in development and research of various new innovative technologies. It would enable more oil and gas to be sustained as well as have the specific chance of progress and improvisation via efficiency and productivity of the major operations. Other specific priority that the oil and gas industry can significantly take is to advance the opportunities in business for the sustainable development of the market. Despite of having a huge demand for gas and oil, the industry prolifically faces huge challen ge to remain competitive in nature. Since the most of the oil reserves of the world is controlled by the Government it has become quite tough for the international Oil companies to generate growth. Thus to expand into various new markets it is necessary for the companies to diversify the business strategies which will provide a competitive edge. United Nations has strategically identified three basic objectives related to the sustainable energy for all. Ensuring access of energy universally Doubling the renewable energy share in the global energy mix Making the existing fuel technologies more efficient The most important area where the gas and oil industry around the world has taken significant process in improvisation of the efficiency is the gas flaring reduction. Continuous gas flaring is directly associated with the oil production and it has been a major problem as it contributes to 1.2% of the total greenhouse gas emissions. It is important to attain the significant objectives of the United Nations. The main goal of sustainable development and sustainability is to make the world achieve the environmental responsibility, economic development and social progress and it can be accomplished by the access of energy to develop, improve and maintain the societal progress and qualities of life. Minimizing the impact of environmental operations. Contributing to the policy development of the civil society. Demonstrating a high ethical standard Providing technology, trained personnel, capital for all the organizations for meeting the oil and gas safety and economically assess the needs of the society by using alternate energy resources. Maximizing the significant value of oil and gas production by optimizing the use of petroleum and mitigating the environmental impacts. Supporting the societal objectives of the communities that operates. Conclusion A definitive arrangement might be the revelation and generation of another vitality asset to supplant oil. Another vitality asset that is earth safe and inexpensively available could take care of some the issues connected with oil production. Studies demonstrate that the masses favor innovative work for renewable vitality advances and vitality protection over creative work for atomic energy, petroleum, and coal (Mulder, 2007). This new asset would be particularly valuable for nations. Moreover, all-broad access to this asset could mitigate the universal clashes that have so far emerged over natural assets. This new way is plausibility puts full exertion into getting another vitality asset; in spite of the fact that, without activity from the legislature, no current organization would be keen on seeking after another asset other than minimal effort oil References Adebo, G. and O. O, O. (2015). Analysis of City Greening Approach to Sustainable Ecosystem Management in Ondo State.Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 4(1), p.149. Akono, E. (2013). Irreversibility, Option Demand and Environmental Preservation.Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 2(2). Auld, D. (2015). Efficiency and Environmental Metrics of Algal Fuel.Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 4(2), p.41. Cairns, M. and Meganck, R. (1994). Carbon sequestration, biological diversity, and sustainable development: Integrated forest management.Environmental Management, 18(1), pp.13-22. Curran, G. (2015). Political modernisation for ecologically sustainable development in Australia.Australasian Journal of Environmental Management, 22(1), pp.7-20. Gmen, Z. (2014). Exploring Land Developer Perspectives on Conservation Subdivision Design and Environmentally Sustainable Land Development.Environmental Management, 54(5), pp.1208-1222. Holling, C. (1986). Adaptive Environmental Management.Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 28(9), pp.39-39. Kalalo, F. (2015). Environmental Protection toward the Globalization Era.Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 4(2), p.112. Lemons, J. (1995). Sustainable development and environmental protection: A perspective on current trends and future options for universities.Environmental Management, 19(2), pp.157-165. Luxchaigul, N. (2014). The Effectiveness of Sustainable Development of the Saving for Production Groups in Northeast of Thailand.Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 3(1), p.168. Makelane, H. (2015). The Impact of Environmental Management Plans on Firms Compliance with Governmental Regulations and Environmental Laws.Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 5(1), p.30. Mulder, K. (2007). From environmental management to radical technological change: industry in sustainable development.International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 7(5/6), p.513. Phillips, V. (2009). Global Environmental Management Education Center.Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 3(1), pp.99-101. Productivity and Sustainable Management of the Humboldt Current Large Marine Ecosystem under climate change. (2015).Environmental Development. Verma, B. and Sangle, S. (2014). Determinants of Sustainable Vision Strategy.Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, 3(2), p.31. Westing, A. (1996). Environmental Conflict Management and Sustainable Development.Envir. Conserv., 23(02), p.174. Zhou, S. (2009). Study on the Management Factors of the Sustainable Development Environmental Governance Mechanism in Inner Mongolia.JSD, 2(2).

Technology, Environment and Society Essay Example

Technology, Environment and Society Paper Technological innovation Creative. Feasible ideas Practical application Diffusion through society Environment Environment is defined as the immediate surroundings which supports life ND sustains various human activities. The surroundings comprises of Biotic or living things: plants, animals, microorganisms Biotic or non-living things: land, water, air etc. Society Society is people living together in communities. Chapter 1 . Brief History of Technology Beginnings (from beginning to BBC) universe: Evolution theory: Big bang theory, 10 to 20 billion years ago Solar system: Sun at the centre and eight planets, age of sun: about 5 billion years Earth and life: some facts Third planet that orbit the sun Formed from cloud of dust and gas drifting through space about 4. 6 billion years ago. First primitive life: algae and bacteria appeared around 3. 4 billion years ago. Human being Separation of human lineage from primates: about 2 million years ago. Modern human (homeostasis) appeared in Africa around 100,000 years ago. Beginning of human civilization: about 5000 years ago Stone Age Age prior to the beginning of civilized society (up to BBC) Tools: stone, wood, animal bone, horn No use of metal tools Potters wheel (around BBC) Nomadic culture: Humans moved from one place to another place searching for the foods At the end, more settled 1. 1 Civilizations between BBC to 1 660 AD . We will write a custom essay sample on Technology, Environment and Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technology, Environment and Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technology, Environment and Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer First civilizations (3000 Facto 1100 BC) Bronze Age Cupper: First discovered metal Bronze (Mixture Of Cue and Tin): Second discovered metal Sequences By BBC, quasi-civilized society in Egypt and Mesopotamia Around 3000 BC: human civilization began. Civilizations a. Egyptian civilization: in the valley of Nile b. Sumerian civilization: in plain of Tigris and Euphrates in Southern Mesopotamia c. Assyrian civilization: in upper Tigris d. Maya civilization: in Peru e. Civilizations in China f. Civilizations in India: Flourishing of Hindu religion in India, Veda and Punished g. First Babylonian empire Semitic (dark white or brownish people from Syria and Arabia) people conquered Sumerian by BBC, made Babylon the capital Hamburg: 6th king of Babylonian, made code of laws, which is first written code of laws h. Jews (Hebrews) Semitic people settled in Judea long before 1 000 B. C. Hebrew Bible (Old testament) around 1000 BC Prophets of Jews: Abraham, Mosses Solomon: king of Hebrew Monarchy, builder of the first temple in Jerusalem I. Spreading of Aryans Tribes of fair and blue eyed Nordic race Spread from central Europe to Asia Inventions/ Developments during Bronze age Discovery of bronze, Metal working, Glass working Invention of Potato in Peru Animal domestication: cattle, sheep, goats and asses Cultivation Navigation technology Techniques of Yoga and meditation Invention of first writing system (wage-shaped) by Sumerians Invention of picture writing system by Egyptians Invention of Semitic writing system by Hebrews by mixing Sumerian and Egyptian writing All other major languages, e. G. Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, French, Arabic etc. Derived from Semitic Construction of cities, temples, tombs, systematic irrigation, war chariots b. Iron Age (1100 BC to 500 AD) First use of iron for implements and weapons. Historical sequences in Iron Age a. Augusta Buddha (nearly 550 BC) b. Confucius and Ala TTS in China (around 6th century BC) c. Emperor Osaka in India: spread Buddhism to Kashmir, Persia, Ceylon, China and Alexandria (capital of Roman empire) d. Jesus Christ e. Victory of Aryan: from 900 to 600 BC over the whole ancient world: Semitic, Egyptian, Greek, India except China f. Greek civilization Greek people: trades, travelers, enthusiastic Greek Philosophers Thales, Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid, Archimedes Plato, Aristotle: most prominent Plato (400 BC): Mathematics and Astronomy Plato published a book named Utopia which deals with the plan to form a different and better than the existing one. Utopian society defines the process of development in three steps: plan, public, and law. Aristotle (BBC) Gathering information, analyzing and solving the problem in a systematic way (beginner of science). Father of history and founder of political science g. Roman civilization Autocratic Roman empire in Europe (from 200 BC) No scientific development Focus of Romans on health and well being h. Spreading of Mongolias all over the world by two century BC. Inventions/technological development during iron age Prosperous China: Construction of great wall, invention of paper, tea, wood block printing Development of Iron technology Literature: around 200 BC c. The middle ages (500 to 1450) Sequences Of middle age a. Prophet Muhammad (DADA) Dictated a book, Koran, which he declared was communicated to him from God Beginning of Islam religion b. Arabs supremacy Powerful Arabian empire: Arabians were Masters, Europeans pupils Stretched from Spain to China Learnt paper and printing from China Came in touch with Indian Mathematics Translated Greek literature . Mongolias conquest Jennings Khan (1200 AD): conquered China, Transmitted, Persia, Armenia, part of India down to Lahore, South Russia and Hungary Tioga Khan: completed the conquest of whole China and all Russia (former Soviet Union) Other emperors: Mango Khan, Kabuki Khan, Haulage Khan d. Mogul dynasty in India (Mongolia: Mogul in Urdu) Baber: Descendent of Mongolia, conquest India Kafka: completed the conquest of whole India f. Renaissance of Europe: Intellectual revival From 1 200 AD: revival of European intelligence Commercial and industrial activities boomed in northern and central Italian ties (1250) Development of cities Growth in trading Arabian literature and scientific experiments translated into common language Roger Bacon: father of modern experimental science, deserves prominence in our history second to that of Aristotle university at Paris, Oxford, Bologna and other cities Exploration: Marco Polo, Columbus, Vases De Gamma By 1500 AD, Europeans became intellectual and material leader Inventions/Developments in middle age a. From Arab world Great advances in Math, physics, Chemistry and Medical science Spreading of Arabic figure invented by Hindus, sign zero invented by Arabs Metallurgical ND technical devices made by Arabs b. From Mongolia Opening of silk road by Mongolias to link Asia and Europe for trade c. From renaissance of European Good quality paper and printing Advance in education and science Mariners compass d. Towards the modern world (1450 to 1 660) a. Period of growth for scientific knowledge Birth of many scientists: Leonardo Dad Vinci, Galileo, Keeper, Blaine Pascal, Robert Hook, Newton: Influenced the world of science b. Age of mechanical revolution Process of mechanical invention and discovery Technological development due to organized science Mechanical power and the machine doing the labor work of human and animals c. Advance in popular education throughout the Westernizes world Inventions/ Developments Invention of saw mill, microscope, telescope, clocks 1. 2 The Industrial revolution, early days (1660 to 181 5) The mechanical revolution was followed by the industrial revolution. Age of social and financial development Scientific discoveries, application of science and technology Began from England around sixties of seventeenth century after the invention of steam engine by James Watt Mass production, factory system and improved chicanery and machine tool Further advancement due to the invention of electric power By the early 19th century, industrial revolution spread to other parts of Europe Inventions/Developments Frederica Startled founded a pencil factory in Emerging, Germany. Startled Mars Gumbo Co. The oldest manufacturing companies in the world. Many books on industrial development water-powered mill Processing of iron from ore using blast furnace technique in 1 8th century Rolled iron sheet in 1 728 and rolled rods and bars in 1783. First modern steam engine by James Watt (1765) Use of steam power: cotton factory, boat, ship First locomotive by Trickier in 1 804 Electricity: Investigation of Franklin, Volta, Faraday and Galvanic Chemistry advanced American System of Manufacturing (1813) Steam powered train 1. 3 The Industrial revolution in maturity (1 815 to 1918) a. By early 1 9th century, science has come to be revolutionized. Prominent scientists e. G. Alfred Nobel, Faraday, Graham Bell, Charles Draw. in, Albert Einstein b. Age of engineering: Technological development Electric motor by Faraday (1821) First railway between Stockton and Darlington in 1825 Discovery of electric telegraph in 1835, first under seas cable laid in 1851 teen France and England Analytical engine by Charles Babbage (1 834), father of computer Steam hammer (1838) Bessemer process (1856) and open hearth process (1864) for processing of iron and steel Telephone by Alexander Graham Bell (1876) Steam turbine (1884) Petrol car by Carl Benz (1888) Internal combustion diesel engine by Rudolph Diesel (1893) Wireless telegraphy by Marion (1896) Medical science and agricultural science advanced In 1 903 testing of the first air craft by Wright brothers in the USA, availability Of airplane for humans from 1909 Book on scientific management by Taylor in 1911 Moving-assembly-line techniques for car manufacturing by Ford (1913) Project management techniques (Giant Chart -1917) Impact of industrial revolution Mechanization: Change of power source from muscle power and animal power to steam engine which was more economical, easier to handle and efficient than previous sources. Social, cultural and economical change Revolution in transport and communication Easier and more comfortable life, better health condition Advance in education, science, medicine, textile and agriculture Relocation of large portions of the population from the countryside to the towns and cities Growth in trade and business Availability of great variety of materials Rise of wealthy people Especially businessman became richer, while workers also got good wages. Start of automation replacing human operations Negative points: break up of joint family, women and child labor, gap between poor and rich Material growth and subsequent colonization Demand of raw materials and nationalist pride led colonization to produce and trade goods Dutch, Portuguese (Brazil), Spanish (North and South America), French, England Negative impact of colonization Conflict and internal strife in colonized countries Extraction of vast amounts of natural resources from the colonies by British Empire 1. 4 Influence of First and Second World wars on technology world war I (WWW) (1914-1918) Main Causes Beginning: Beginning of war after the assassination of Ferdinand, heir to the Status-Hungarian throne, by, a Bosnian Sere citizen of Austria-Hungary . The retaliation by Austria-Hungary against Serbia activated a series of alliances that set off a chain reaction of war declarations.

UN Human Rights Regime Assignment The WritePass Journal

UN Human Rights Regime Assignment Introduction UN Human Rights Regime Assignment :1391) argue on similar lines, stating that if one denies the participation of former leaders (who are also the perpetrators of past offences) in a present government, it may effectively â€Å"obstruct social integration and political stability†. By way of example, Alston and Goodman refer to the undesirable consequences of prosecuting major organisations who were involved in the apartheid regime in South Africa, (2012: 1392). Perhaps the most powerful argument against amnesties involves victims’ rights and tolerance of impunity. Protesters of amnesty measures argue that amnesty infringes states’ obligations to make sure that victims receive means to achieve justice, and seek out the truth in their cases (Mallinder, 2008:7). By imposing an amnesty measure, the perpetrators’ crimes are effectively denied, causing victims to feel alienated from society, which, in turn, increases the likelihood of vigilantism on their part (Mallinder, 2008:10). There are not many who would deny the negative impact that amnesty has on victims and/or their families, and the argument here is that such a negative impact cannot be avoided if one is to achieve common good for the society as a whole. Another point against the statement that justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of human rights is that such a deferral, by its very nature, prevents the achievement of the aims of criminal justice, such as prosecution, retribution, stigmatisation and deterrence (Freeman, 2009: 20).   Aston and Goodman take this view and point out that trials can be very important in the promotion of â€Å"norms and expectations of punishment† in the country, (Alston and Goodman, 2012:1392). Moreover, as Freeman points out, the deferral of justice to amnesty in spite of the International Bill of Human Rights’ promissory note, undermines public confidence in the rule of law, (Freeman, 2009: 33). However, even assuming that amnesty is capable of preventing the realisation of some of the criminal justice’s goals, it should not be forgotten that an amnesty measure can take many forms. Freeman states that, more often than not, an amnesty measure would be accompanied by other provisions, such a reparation programme, which may lessen the harm caused by an amnesty, and an amnesty’s potential harm caused is always overestimated, (2009:25). Another argument is that there are many conditional amnesties in existence, which may encompass some of the aims of the criminal justice process, for example, Freeman enumerates a number of temporal and provisions amnesties, (2009:93). Even if one takes into account the need for a trial and all its benefits, it is not altogether clear that a trial or its threat may lead to beneficial results in every case, because as Freeman argues, a threat of a trial may lead to the perpetrators destroying the vital evidence needed in the future for the victims or their relatives to find out the truth about a crime, (2009:24). In support of this argument Alston and Goodman also state that any attempts at prosecution in a state which undergoes the transition from an authoritarian past may threaten a delicate peace-conflict balance between different groups, (2012:1391). Mallinder makes a similar argument when she states that although the trial of leaders may benefit the society by asserting the supremacy of democratic values (as argued by Scharf), there may not be enough evidence to put those leaders on trial in the first place, (2008:18). Here, it is interesting to point out an illuminating point made by Mallinder that there could be an instance where the distinction between victims and perpetrators is not clear, for example, in the case of child soldiers who are part of a rebel group in Uganda, and, therefore, the prosecution and punishment may have to take a back seat, (Mallinder, 2009: 34). Clark also questions the belief that the promotion of individual criminal responsibility is always desirable, (in Lessa and Payne, 2012:13). He draws attention to the criminal prosecutions in Rwanda and Uganda, and argues that by insisting on the prosecutions, the international organisations overlooked â€Å"the specific context and dynamics of these countries†, for example, the absence of   legal procedures and institutions to carry out an effective judicial process, (2012:14). This means that even though the countries may be the signatories of the International Bill of Human Rights, their specific contexts should be taken into account, and may be used to justify the imposition of conditional amnesties. One of other widespread arguments against the idea that amnesty should be granted is that doing so only creates a culture of impunity, encouraging future violence, and prevents accountability. This view has a widespread support from many governments around the world, for example, from the government of Sri Lanka.[5] When academics make this argument they often refer to the offenders who continue violate human rights, and are only stopped when amnesty is granted to them. The clear example of this is Ugandan rebel group ‘The Lord Resistance Army’s public statement that they will only stop the violence if amnesty is granted to its members. Nevertheless, to these arguments it can be replied that it is not necessarily the case that amnesty will produce further violence, and in fact, there may be situations where one must choose a lesser of two evils and invoke an amnesty provision. Freeman supports this argument. Therefore, it seems that although the case for the abolition of amnesty is a strong one, it is not without its weaknesses, and despite the promissory note of the International Bill of Human Rights, there may be circumstances where the imposition of an amnesty provision is not a truly unthinkable course of action. It is clear that there are obvious discrepancies between the theoretical foundations of the International Bill of Human Rights and the practical application of the Bill. There inevitably will be circumstances where it is unwise to follow the literal meaning of the Bill. The reality of an international/domestic political scene is that sometimes compromises must be made in order to safeguard peace in a country and prevent further conflict. In the same vein, Snyder and Vinjamuri maintain that in order to prevent future violations of rights and reinforce the respect for the rule of law it is often necessary to â€Å"strike politically expedient bargains that create effective coalitions to contain the power of potential perpetrators of abuses,† (Snyder and Vinjamuri, 2003:17). Thus, one of the main arguments for the proposition that justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of human rights is that such deferral of justice is likely to foster reconciliation and may be necessary to achieve peace in terms of promoting political settlement. Linked to this is an argument that amnesties are needed so that a state can make a break from its past and start from a ‘clean slate’, (Mallinder, 2008:13). Governments often use these reasons to justify the imposition of amnesties when it is necessary to end violence. However, this view is becoming more controversial as the states-signatories to the International Bill of Human Rights move to the implementation of more mechanisms of accountability, and this view is not shared by everyone. For example, in 2007 the ICC Prosecutor, Lois Moreno-Ocampo termed the demands of amnesty made by combatants as being nothing less than pure blackmail. Moreover, the offering of amnesty may appear as t hough a state is showing signs of weakness, which may, in turn, encourage more violations of human rights, (Mallinder, 2008:12). However, despite this, Freeman supports the view that amnesties may sometimes be necessary to achieve peace in a state, (2009:11). He contends that there may not be any other choice for societies which have gone through mass violence and genocide, (2009:7). Freeman asserts that he is against the idea of impunity for serious crime, but he states that there may be situations where the desire for peace and security should stand above any impunity which may result from granting amnesty (2009:6). In particular, he states that if we look at such countries as Burma and Somalia and their particular contexts, one may be forgiven for wishing any kind of amnesty in order to ensure the survival of people by lessening daily violent conflicts, even though this leads to impunity, (2009:24). Another argument against the view that amnesties are needed to achieve peace in a country, and to ensure a smooth transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one, is provided by Robinson when he draws on an example of Sierra Leone, (Robinson, 2003:490). In that country, unconditional amnesties were granted to ensure that peace would follow only to discover that the culture of impunity was reinforced and gross violations of human rights continued. However, in reply to all this, it can be pointed out that, regarding the International Bill of Rights in particular, amnesties can be used, because the International Bill encompasses a wide variety of rights, and unlike the Rome Statute, is not primarily concerned with the protection against gross human rights violations. Freeman also makes a relatively convincing argument that amnesties are rarely granted without the imposition of other orders or qualifications, such as a reparation programme or an institutional reform measure, (2009:14). Truth Commissions, which are primarily set up to investigate the causes of death/injury unlawfully perpetrated, often play an important role in offsetting the damage done by amnesty. However, it is questionable whether they are, in fact, as successful as they were initially perceived to be. For example, again using the Sierra Leone example, the Lome Accord 1999 was designed to provide both an amnesty provision and a Truth Commission investigation, but was unsuccessful in its implementation (Alston and Goodman, 2012:1452). Nevertheless, a broad conception of justice usually agrees with the idea that there could be a Truth Commission and a limited amnesty in place to satisfy â€Å"the essential purpose of the right to justice†, (Naqvi, 2003:34). Dugard seems to be of the same view when he states that even though unconditional amnesties should not be permitted, a Truth Commission should still be capable to grant amnesty after an investigation, provided that amnesty contributes to the achievement of peace and justice, and is more effective than prosecution, (Dugard, 1999:1020). Arguably, South Africa’s imposition of a conditional amnesty showed that it was possible to combine an amnesty with an accountability process which culminated in the achievement of truth and social healing. Another argument, which is linked to the argument about the right to remedy discussed above, and which is put forward by Freeman and Pensky (in Lessa and Payne, 2012), is that an amnesty measure will not necessary infringe international law in every instance. This argument rests on the well-known fact that the status of amnesties in international law is unclear, and the practice of its imposition still persists in many countries, including Rwanda, Cambodia, El Salvador and South Africa. This point is supported by Laplante, who argued that the status of an â€Å"outright prohibition on amnesty remains unclear†, (Laplante, 2009:920). To illustrate the point, Mallinder discovered in her research that the number of amnesties which includes different kinds of crimes has increased, and this casts doubt on the proposition that we are living in the age of accountability (Mallinder in Lassa and Payne, 2012:95). Mallinder concludes that this means that there is still a belief that an am nesty measure may be deemed necessary where there is some exceptional situation, (Mallinder in Lassa and Payne, 2012: 96) Liked to this is the idea that amnesties do not necessarily stand in opposition to the spirit of the International Bill of Human Rights, and, in fact, can fulfil some of its provisions by balancing   competing goals, and facilitating long-term peace and security in the nation. One particular example is where a political activist-offender is integrated into a society anew, preventing further disputes. The final point is that some defendants are unlikely to come within the scope of criminal prosecution as defined by the Rome Statute, and some countries’ legal systems may not be sufficiently evolved to prosecute such defendants. In these cases, it may be argued that amnesty could be granted to alleviate the political tension in the country if it exists. Moreover, even the Rome Statute could be said to presuppose the use of amnesties as it gives discretionary powers to prosecutors/judges to take account ‘the interests of justice’, particularly for those defendants which are unlikely to come within the scope of the International Criminal Court’s prosecution.[6] Thus, it seems that it may not be correct to treat all amnesties as being in the opposition to   the principles of justice and truth, and the specific context of a country must be taken into account. Even though amnesties violate the victim’s rights and can potentially create a culture of impunity, it is important to recognise that some amnesties, in some circumstances, may be an effective measure directed at achieving peace and security in a country. This is especially true since it is wrong to think of amnesties as either granting complete impunity or achieving long-term peace. This view fails to take into account the sheer diversity of amnesty measures which a state can employ, and which can be combined with the variety of accountability measures, (Mallinder, 2008:8). Moreover, as Freeman points out, justice may sometimes defer to amnesty because such practice is virtually unavoidable, although it should be maintained as a practice of the last resort (2009:4). Moreover, o ncloser examination, the granting of an amnesty may not be in the direct conflict with the spirit of the International Bill of Human Rights and, therefore, it is fair to say that justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of human rights in a state. Word count: 3,228. Bibliography Books/Academic Articles Alston, P. and Goodman, R. (2012) International Human Rights, New York: Oxford University Press Cassese, A. (2008) International Criminal Law, New York: Oxford University Press Cassese, A. (2004) International Law, 2nd Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press Dugard, J. (1999) ‘Dealing with Crimes of a Past Regime: Is Amnesty Still an Option?’, Leiden Journal of International Law, 12, No. 4, at p. 1001 Freeman, F. (2009) Necessary Evils: Amnesty and the Search for Justice, 1st Edition, New York: Cambridge University Press Griffey, B. (2011) ‘The ‘Reasonableness’ Test: Assessing Violations of State Obligations under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, Human Rights Review, Vol. 11, No. 2 Harris, D., Moeckli, S. and Sivakumaran, S. (2010) International Human Rights Law, 1st Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press 8.   Joyce, D. (2010) ‘Human Rights and the Mediatization of International Law’, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 23, Issue 3, pp. 507-527 Laplante, L. (2009) ‘Outlawing Amnesty: The Return of Criminal Justice in Transitional Justice Schemes’, Virginia Journal of International Law, 49, at p. 915 Lessa, F. and Payne, L. (2012) Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability, New York: Cambridge University Press Loucaides, L. (2003) ‘TheDeveloping Case Law  of the  InterAmerican Court  of  Human Rights’, Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.  1-25 Mallinder, L. (2010) ‘Law, Politics and Fact-Finding: Assessing the Impact of Human Rights Reports’, Journal of Human Rights Practice, 1, No. 4 Mallinder, L. (2009) ‘The Role of Amnesties in Conflict Transformation’, in Ryngaert, C. (ed.) The Effectiveness of International Criminal Justice, Intersentia Publishers Mallinder, L. (2008) Amnesty, Human Rights and Political Transitions: Bridging the Peace and Justice Divide, Hart Publishing Meisenberg, S. (2004) ‘Legality of Amnesties in International Humanitarian Law. The Lomà © Amnesty Decision of the Special Court for Sierra Leone’, International Law Review of the Red Cross, 86, No. 856 Naqvi, Y. (2003) ‘Amnesty for War Crimes: Defining International Recognition’, International Law Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 85, pp. 583-560 (2003); Available: mkkk.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_851_naqvi.pdf [10 Dec 2013] Orentlicher, D. (1991) ‘Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime’, The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 100, at p. 2537 Robinson, D. (2003) ‘Serving the Interests of Justice: Amnesties, Truth Commissions and the International Criminal Court’ European Journal of International Law, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 481-500 Snyder, J. and Vinjamuri, L. (2003) ‘Trials and Errors: Principle and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice’, International Security, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 5-44; Available: http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/publication/343/trials_and_errors.html [ 9 Dec 2013] Weissbrodt, D. Ni Aolin, F., Fitzpatrick, J. and Newman, F. (2009) International Human Rights: Law, Policy, and Process, LexisNexis Publishing; Available: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/intlhr2006/chapters/chapter8.html [ 7 Dec 2013] Reports United Nations (2011) Report of the Secretary General’s Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka, New York: United Nations Publications; Available: un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf [10 Dec 2013] Web Materials The International Centre for Transitional Justice (2009) Justice, Truth, Dignity: Amnesty Must Not Equal Impunity [Online]; Available: http://ictj.org/publication/amnesty-must-not-equal-impunity [8 Dec 2013]

Aesthetics essay Essay Example

Aesthetics essay Essay Example Aesthetics essay Essay Aesthetics essay Essay Today, in the 21st century media controls peoples perspective on what they think is beautiful. Many people live each day feeling insecure about anything that doesnt appear on the celebrities on the front cover of magazines. Walking the streets with low self-esteem is an everyday problem that many people suffer from. What can they do to rebuild their confidence, and live their life to the fullest without hiding behind their flaws? They can visit an aesthetician. An aesthetician performs treatments and procedures to help minimize skin flaws, helps people to obtain a higher self-esteem, and is truly passionate about skincare and helping people achieve better physical health, as well as emotional health. An aesthetician works with skin, and they specialize in skincare. They set up appointments and consultations to talk to their clients about their skincare needs in a hospital or medical practice facility (Santiago). They will examine the patient’s skin, and perform a number of facial treatments, procedures, and recommend several products; they do not prescribe medications or topicals as a dermatologist would. They provide skincare, pre and post to any operation or surgery given. They manage the harmful effects of any skin disease or outbreak from rashes to breakouts. They help with a patient’s appearance by minimizing any skin flaws such as acne, surgical scars, wrinkles, or sun damage. Aestheticians can be trained in giving chemical peels, facial scrubs, laser treatments, Botox injections, cosmetic fillers, and many more types of cosmetic facial work. They are often confused with a cosmetologist due to the fact that an aesthetician will occasionally work in a spa-like environment (Santiago). Aestheticians differ from cosmetologists in many ways, although, they are both concerned about the looks and appearance of the face and body. Aestheticians work with the healthcare side of the spectrum rather than the strictly appearance end. To be an aesthetician, certain qualities are required to keep the client happy, safe, and satisfied. In order to do this job, the quality of being able to show compassion and empathy is needed (Dunn). Most of the time, patients come into an aesthetician’s office with lower than average self-esteem. An aesthetician needs to be understanding, and considerate of this. Another quality necessary for this occupation, as well as many others in the medical field, is the ability to communicate and be personable (Dunn). Being a people-person and having communication with the clients is arguably the most important of them all. If an aesthetician is not able to communicate with his or her patient, their problem will not be solved, and their skin could become worse than it was before (Dunn). The client will leave their office unhappy and it could drastically damage their physical health as well as their mental health. When dealing with their patient’s skin, as well as chemicals, having a steady arm is must-have skill to keep their patient, and their self safe. (Dunn) A medical aesthetician’s main goal should be keeping their clients safe and satisfied at all times. A number of high school courses are highly recommended to get students wanting to become an aesthetician on the right track. To be an aesthetician, recommended high school courses would be chemistry, health, and business management (Powell). Chemistry is needed due to the fact that their daily routine will consist of working with chemicals. A background in chemistry allows the professional to know how a patient’s skin will react with that chemical. Health would be a recommended course to take to understand more about the human body. Also as an aesthetician, business management would be a highly suggested class. Many aestheticians are hired by a small business, or they start one and knowing the business essentials would be beneficial. After completing high school a number of training courses are recommended to be the best aesthetician they can be. It is recommended that â€Å"those preparing to become a medical aesthetician take classes in microdermabrasion, skin resurfacing methods, treatment for skin conditions and proper nutrition for healthy skin (Dunn). †To become an aesthetician, you must complete a training program ran by the State Board of Cosmetology. This job requires a licensure by the state (Santiago). Any aesthetician would need to receive this license from their state, and renew it annually. Those wanting to become an aesthetician should prove to be professional, knowledgable, motivated, confident, and empathetic in order to have success with the variety of patients that enter their office. A trait that is much needed to become an aesthetician is having a well-kept and professional appearance at all times in the office (Gambino 8). People are coming into an aesthetician’s office to improve their appearance. If the experts appearance isn’t satisfactory to them, then in the head of a client, they will lose credibility and they will expect a job not as well done as someone who looks clean and respectable; they would most likely look to another professional. An aesthetician needs to display themselves in the proper demeanor, and use their manners when dealing with a client (Gambino 8). They should make their client feel welcome, and create a happy and cheerful environment. At all times, they must be attentive to all of their client’s needs without hesitation. They need to take pride, as well as feel passionate about what they do and let it. To be a successful aesthetician, motivation to gain a stronger knowledge of what they are doing is key. A firm grasp on all of the current and up-to-date techniques is important to a client’s health and to ensure a job well done on their part (Gambino 8). He or she needs to ensure that they are doing the best job that they can do for their client. Taking initiative and reading skin care books and magazines, attending meetings, seminars and tradeshows, and taking part in professional skin-care organizations increases their credibility and personal knowledge on skincare (Gambino 8). Another must have skill an aesthetician should have while working in the lab, is talent. They must have a natural interest in the aesthetic skincare field. It is not only mandatory to have the talents required, but it is necessary to have completed the correct guidance (Gambino 8). They must have enough training, experience, knowledge, and talent to be confident in their judgment and their abilities (Gambino 8). An aesthetician should not be second guessing or questioning themselves while working on the skin of a client. They need to be sure of what they are doing and confident that it is best for the person in which they are working on. To gain that kind of confidence, hours of training and experience is mandatory. Another trait that helps build up the confidence of the client is being empathetic. Empathy is a trait needed to truly want to help clients feel better about themselves, their health, and their appearance (Gambino 8). An aesthetician should be passionate about the work that they do, its not enough to be in it for the money; it needs to be about their passion of wanting to help people feel better and gain confidence in themselves. Many traits are needed to become an aesthetician, but if a person truly is passionate about this career in particular, they will have no problem acquiring and building upon them. The Bureau of Labor Statistics lists that the median annual salary for aestheticians as $28,920 annually, which equates to about $13. 90 per hour. † This being the case, it is probably not an adequate amount for a person with future goals of buying a home and supporting a family. In order to take this job, a person should not be in it for the income that they are bringing in, but for the pride that is earned through helping others. Like any other job, there are a few positive aspects as well as drawbacks to being an aesthetician. If you love helping people feel good about themselves, it can be extremely rewarding. If people are passionate about skincare, it will satisfy their needs. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the job growth is coming in strong, so there is a good chance of getting a job in the field of aesthetics, and it is still growing (Santiago). The only drawback to being aesthetician is that it is not one of the highest paying medical careers (Santiago). Although the income is not as large as some would like, aesthetics is steadily becoming a more popular job, but positions look as if they will be available no matter what (Santiago). Aestheticians are here to build the self esteem of the people in their community. They can perform a number of procedures, treatments and recommend multiple products to their clients to help rid them of their flaws. Many traits and qualities are needed to obtain an aesthetics career, but with a strong passion for skincare, they should already be possessed by the aesthetician in the making. A drawback to this occupation is that there is not a huge income, but it is buried by the perks of being able to help people feel good about themselves and becoming able to come home with a sense of pride for what they do each day. It is steadily becoming a more popular career and many positions are going to be opening up within the next decade. Personal Evaluation This job seems like it would be a good fit for me. I am very interested in skincare and I am passionate about building people up to make them feel their best. I feel like it would be a very rewarding experience, and I would come home with a sense of pride every night. I think that I would love having this job, but the annual salary wouldnt be satisfactory to my later goals in life such as moving to the east coast, buying a home, and starting a family. My occupational values that relate to this job are that I love making people feel good about themselves at all costs. I know how to have a well-kept and professional attitude and appearance. I know that I would be determined to learn everything that I can about skincare by attending meetings, seminars, and reading up on all of the latest, up-to-date techniques to work to the best of my ability. I have the initiative that it takes to be an aesthetician. I am interested in skincare and the human body. I have empathy, manner, a steady arm, and I can build my knowledge to its fullest potential. Being an aesthetician would be a profession that I would be highly interested in.

Whistleblowing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whistleblowing - Essay Example Flexibility- Flexibility is another characteristic of the whistleblower that ensures the company or organization is not going against the law (Vaughn, 2013). Tenacity- The whistleblower use stubbornness as a competing curiosity that must be in due course used as a tool to make a defined and right decision for the business (Gramling, 2014). Sensitivity- Most of the large business organizations have large number of employees across the country; hence, sensitivity as a characteristic of a whistleblower is important because it acts as an eye to the business (Gramling, 2014). Within the last 12months, U.S Supreme Court has been identified to protect the employees through the voice of whistleblower. The instance to protect employees of publicly company’s contracts March 6, 2014. This was noted to be the first time in the United State of America Supreme Court protected sub-contractors and contractors under Lawson v FMRLL, 571 U.S (2014) (Gramling, 2014). Jonathan M Zang and Jackie Hosang Lawson had different case to the court, alleged retaliation unlawful under act 806 that was against the FMR LLC while the others interrelated to the private company the so-called FMR. The funds were mutually raised to provide fidelity to the family as persuaded by the contract. The two of them commenced the unlawful action in a federal district court where the private mate was moved to dismiss plaintiff’s issues. The claims supported that they were not covered as employees under the act 1514A (Vaughn, 2013). The plaintiff therefore, took forth both employees of public company and the employees of the contract and sub-contract. After complains were filed with the health administration and occupational safety, Zang and Lawson began the action of de novo in a court. The court examined the statute text and found that FMR’s interpretation was quite presentable because there was

Themes in Hip Hop Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Themes in Hip Hop Culture - Essay Example In tandem with the salient issues and themes touched upon by the textual sources under consideration, the movie Boyz n the Hood does bring to fore many political, social and cultural issues that are conveniently bypassed by the popular media and cinema.The Hip Hop culture evident in the movie does intertwine with the glaring political and social issues like economic and social marginalization and racism faced by the communities. The whole objective is to usher in a measure of education and concern through a medium that is highly creative, subtle and insightful. The gang violence covered by the movie and the salient social, familial and academic influences which on one side make Doughboy fall a victim to the vicious and unsparing gang violence and which on the other side does convince Tre to renounce a life of violence does show as to how the flares of hope do shimmer in an otherwise violent and crime ridden life in the hood. The book by Nelson George, Durand’s Lecture, the for ward in the Anthology of Rap, and discussions in the class do envelop this society altering collision between the salient and dominant culture that is pervasive and powerful and the marginalized black culture thriving in the hood.The movie Boyz n the Hood does represent an effective and moving outlet for an array of racial, cultural and political themes that are so strongly embraced and expressed by the larger Hip Hop culture. For instance in the climax of the movie where Doughboy gets dejected and disheartened by a life imbued with violence and revenge.

Product Mix and New Product Development Strategies Essay Example for Free

Product Mix and New Product Development Strategies Essay The Coca-Cola versus Pepsi competition is perhaps the most well known rivalry in the history of marketing. Coke has long enjoyed the home field advantage, having become entrenched as the most popular and identifiable cola throughout the world. Although it has carved itself a substantial portion of the market, Pepsi has struggled to match the sales revenue of Coca-Cola; until recently. Although Pepsi has never come close to equaling Coke cola market share, they have become more aggressive and adept than Coke in cornering the non-carbonated beverage market. It is in this market that Pepsi is seeking to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage over Coke. It their quest to acquire and develop new products, will the use of the PTSTP method help Pepsi develop new products in order to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage?A product is defined in three levels; core, actual, and augmented. The core of the product is the benefit it offers the consumer. For the example of colas, it could be refreshment, energy (sugar and caffeine), alertness, or just pleasure. The soda itself is the actual product. The augmented product for a cola could be the recognition and status gains perceived by drinking that particular brand. Or it could even be the weight loss from sticking to diet colas. For the development of new products, we first need to identify what consists of a new product. There are six categories of new products:1.New-To-The-World. This is a product that has no like product offered elsewhere. For example, when the first personal computer was offered to the public, this would be a new product. 2.New Product Lines. This is when similar products exist, possibly even under the same brand, but a new line of the product offers some tangible difference to those products already offered. For example, offering diet colas in addition to regular colas under the same brand. 3.Product Line Additions. This is the addition of a product that is directly related to one offered. For example, offering Vanilla Coke for sale alongside Coke. 4.Improvements/Revisions. This is a product which has already been offered,  but some change or revision has been made to the products properties. For example: New Coke, or anything labeled new and improved.5.Repositioned Products. The same product offered in a new market or directed towards a new target market. For example Pepsi bringing Sabritas chips into the US to target the Hispanic market. 6.Lower-Priced Products. This is simply reducing the price of an existing product to stimulate sales. New products affect the product mix of a company. Product mix is generally defined as the total composite of products offered by a particular organization. The product mix includes both individual products and product lines. A product line is a group of products which are closely related by function, customer base, distribution, or price range. To use Pepsi as an example, Pepsis product mix includes beverages and potato chips. The beverage product line consists of carbonated, non-carbonated, and water. Pepsi, Gatorade, and Aquafina all are individual products. PTSTP is a mnemonic for the five step process underlying Target Marketing and Positioning. The five steps are as follows:1.Identify competitive Products. 2.Define the Target market. 3.Determine the basis for Segmentation. 4.Determine if any Target markets are underserved. 5.Develop a Product for the underserved market. By using this method, a company can identify a gap in a particular market segment. This gap may be present because there is no product to fill it, or because the current product is reaching the end of its life-cycle, thus creating an opportunity for new growth. To answer the previous question, we will contrast the PTSTP method to Coca-Cola and Pespis development of the non-carbonated beverage market. Pepsi has continually struggled to match Cokes market share in colas and other carbonated beverages. Coke enjoys a 44% slice of the market compared to Pepsis 32%. During their 108 year rivalry, Pepsi has never come close to selling as much soda as Coke. Much of this is due to Cokes brand recognition. Although in 2006 Pepsi, for the first time, beat Coke in beverages sold. This was due to Pepsis embracement of the non-carbonated beverage market, where it led the market with a 24% share over Cokes 16%. Pepsi was able to recognize and take advantage of the growing non-carbonized market much earlier than Coca-Cola. Although cola sales have recently stagnated to less than 1% growth, non-carbonated beverages grew 8% in 2004. Much of the failure of Coke to expand into this market can be traced back to the stubbornness of Coke executives to expand beyond the soda market. Coke had an opportunity to acquire Quaker Oats in the 1990s, but passed on the opportunity. Instead, Pepsi acquired Quaker Oats in 2001. Among Quaker Oats assets were Gatorade and Snapple, both leaders in their markets. Although these product lines were already established, they represented new products to Pepsi, as they represented Pepsis introduction into the non-carbonated beverage market. As a result, Pepsi owns a commanding lead in the sports drink market, with Gatorade holding an 80% share to Cokes Powerade at 15%. Until 2001, Coca-Cola had been reluctant to embrace new products. They were not willing to extend their company and take the chance in the non-carbonated market, until they saw the success Pepsi was having. In addition to passing up on Quaker Oats, Coke lost a bidding war for the Sobe line of enhanced juices, and their bid for the Planet Java line of coffees and teas was not embraced by their independent bottlers. However, since 2000 Coke has been actively seeking new products in this market, including the acquisition of the successful Minute Maid juice line. The difference in philosophy has made the difference for Pepsi. In fact, losing the cola wars may have been the best thing for Pepsi. This forced Pepsi to look outside the soda realm in order to increase profits. As Pepsis CEO, Steven Reinemund believes that his companys growth is due to their constant quest for change, that Innovation is what consumers are  looking for, particularly in the small, routine things of their life. Pepsis willingness to embrace new product lines has given them the edge over Coke for the first time in history. Their offerings of Quaker Oats beverages, Sobe, and Aquafina have all been firsts for a soda company. As a result, they have gained the brand recognition over Cokes subsequent offerings, leading to an increased market share. In order for Pepsi to maintain their competitive advantage over Coke, they need to follow the advice of Reinemund, by remaining innovative. PTSTP can help them sustain this advantage. By identifying potential markets, and developing products for these markets, they can continue to capture new market shares. The beverage market is saturated with options for the consumer, with new products appearing everyday. Many of these products are variations on existing products. For example, energy drinks have become very popular in the past few years. As a result the market has become flooded with options. It will become increasingly difficult to introduce new products in this category. By using PTSTP, Pepsi can identify a new niche in this market, or a different market to exploit. Using the energy drinks as an example, the competitors range from Fuze, Red Bull, and many others. By defining the target market, they can identify that the same demographics both tend to buy sodas and energy drinks. Pepsi can then segment the market into young males (18-30). They then determine that the target market of combined soda energy drinks is underserved. They then develop a product to serve this market. Thus Pepsi Max is born. By using PTSTP, Pepsi has created a new product in soda energy drinks, Pepsi Max. It is this type of creativity and innovation that is embraced by Reinemund, and will serve to keep Pepsi with a sustained competitive advantage over Coke. Only by using a method such as PTSTP, can underserved markets be identified and exploited. References 1. http://business.enotes.com/business-finance-encyclopedia/product-mix2. Brady, Diane (). A Thousand and One Noshes: How Pepsi deftly adapts products to changing consumer tastes. Business Week. 14 Jun 20043. Foust, Dean. Things Go Better With Juice: Cokes new CEO will have to move quickly to catch up in noncarbonated drinks. Business Week. 17 May 20044. Brooker, Katrina. How Pepsi outgunned Coke: Losing the cola wars was the best thing that ever happened to Pepsi while Coke was celebrating, PEP took over a much larger market. FORTUNE 1 Feb 2006http://money.cnn.com/2006/02/01/news/companies/pepsi_fortune/index.htm5. http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_three_levels_of_a_product.htm

Dell Computer Corporation Essay -- Technology, Personal Computers

Dell Computer Corporation Dell Computer Corporation was recognized as the leader in personal computers during the 1990’s. However, economic instability and competitors gaining market share, heavily affected the company. In 2001, PC sales declined, layoffs were constant, and employees were disengaged. Thus, to revitalize the company a new philosophy statement called â€Å"The Soul Dell† was unveiled throughout the organization. However, the central problem for Dell was the methodology used to develop and communicate its core values to employees. As well as senior leaders’ inability to affect paradigms shift from the existing organizational culture and sustain an effective change management process. Case Study Analysis Background /Culture Dell Computer Company is known for its meteoric rise to industry dominance based on founder Michael Dell’s ability to transition a part-time business of building and upgrading personal computers into a multi-billion dollar enterprise (O’Rourke, 2010). Dell’s business model was producing low cost, high quality PC’s that were built-to-order called â€Å"Dell Direct†. The strategy of shipping direct to customers eliminated the need for middlemen and gave Dell a competitive advantage (O’Rourke, 2010). Company growth surged in the 1990’s with over 38,000 employees and a global platform. Dell and Chief Operating Officer, Kevin Rollins, created a fast-past, win-at-all-cost, highly competitive organizational culture whereby compensation and promotions were based on exceptional performance (O’Rourke, 2010). Finally, in 2000, Elizabeth Allen joined the company as vice president of corporate communications. In 2001 the company experienced an economic downturn. PC profit margins declined and lay... ..., they failed to properly diagnose the problem in order to identify all the possible interventions needed to implement and sustain the change and behavior they wanted. Thus, in order to bring about this change, Dell and Rollins need to model the vision similar to the methods used during the September 11, 2001 attacks. Also, they need to ensure management has bought into the vision and can clearly articulate it to their direct reports. Moreover, incorporating cultural initiatives in employees’ performance management goals without a clear understanding of how the change affects them is premature. Employees first need to understand how the change impacts them and be empowered to provide input on its content and implementation. Finally, cultural shifts take time. Therefore, senior leadership needs to stay commitment to the change until it is institutionalized.

Information technology Essay

Information means facts or knowledge provided or learned .OR it is â€Å"Knowledge of communicating or receiving concerning a particular fact or circumstance†, or rather, information is an answer to a question. I The concept that information is the message has different meaning. Technology means the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes .OR machinery developed from this. It is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of , techniques, and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a pre-existing solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other l species’ ability to control and adapt to survive. Information technology (IT) means the use of computers and telecommunications for storing and sending informant. It is the application to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or several other enterprise.The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television,e-mail and telephones. Several factories are associated with information technology, such as , telecommunication, ,insulator and computer services etc. Advantages of Information Technology Information technology refers to the study and development of a support-management based, computerized information system. The development is mainly observed in the form of dedicated software applications and a number of hardware programs. The advantages of IT include work place cost-effectiveness and essential globalization. Information Technology or IT mainly deals with computer applications. The common work environment today is totally dependent on computers. This has led to the need to develop and consistently upgrade dedicated computer software like project management software, for a number of related requirements. These include storage and protection of content, processing and transmitting of dedicated information and the secured retrieval of information, when and as required. IT promotes computing technology,  covering everything from installing applications to developing databases. Why is Information Technology Important All our work related applications are now completely automated, thanks to the IT sector. IT professionals are people involved in essential management of sensitive data, exclusive computer networking and systems-engineering. The advancement of the IT sector has resulted in automated: * Administration of entire systems. * Production and manipulation of sensitive information. * Cultural development and communication. * Streamlining of business processes and timely upgrades. Advantages of IT †¢ Globalization True globalization has come about only via this automated system. The creation of one interdependent system helps us to share information and end linguistic barriers across the continents. The collapse of geographic boundaries has made the world a ‘global village’. The technology has not only made communication cheaper, but also possible much quicker and round the clock. The wonders of text messages, email and auto-response, backed by computer security applications, have opened up scope for direct communication. †¢ Cost-effective Computerized, internet business processes have made many businesses turn to the Internet for increased productivity, greater profitability, clutter free working conditions and global clientà ¨le. It is mainly due to the IT industry that business have been able to make their processes more streamlined, thereby becoming more cost-effective and consequently more profitable. People are able to operate their businesses 24Ãâ€"7, even from remote locations only due to the advent of information technology. †¢ Communication Quick and effective communication is vital to any business anywhere in the world. Information technology gives an entrepreneur or business the tools, like email, video conferencing, SMS, etc., essential to communicate efficiently and effectively. to the business world, and information technology gives your company the resources it needs to communicate quickly and effectively. Not only do people connect faster with the help of information technology, but they are also able to identify like-minded individuals and extend help, while strengthening ties. †¢ Storing and Protecting Information IT provides a low-cost business options to store and maintain information that may be important from a business or service point of view. Virtual vaults and other such security systems not only store vital data but also allow control over the access to such information. IT security systems will also protect virtual data from being hacked or wiped out in case of any technical failure. †¢ Creation of New Jobs One of the biggest advantage of IT has been the creation of a whole new field of opportunity for skilled personnel leading to new and interesting jobs. Hardware and software developers, computer programmers, web designers, system analyst, the list of new jobs created could go on. IT has also been attributed to be the major cause of surge in the economies of certain Third World nations too. Things that were once done manually or by hand have now become easier and faster due to the advent of a computing technology. Our world today has changed a great deal with the aid of IT which has penetrated almost every aspect of our daily lives and society, from leisure to business. IT has become a part of our day-to-day lives through the evident use of PC’s, Internet, cell phones, faxes, the list would seem endless. Let us hope that newer development in the field of IT can provide benefits to our future generations, just as it has greatly benefited ours.

Technology: Boon or Bane?

Day by day, technology advances only to deteriorate the health of those who use it. In the past years, scientists have spoon-fed people of all ages with attractive gadgets. However, the truth is technology has made humans less well-rounded individuals. Technology is a wonderful thing; there are cell phones with internet access and the capability to take pictures and videos. With computers, all the information you could ever want is available within a few keystrokes of a search engine. Contradicting those points is, just like everything else in life. Nothing is ever perfect and technology has its share of flaws. There are calculators, search engines, online forums and instant messengers that are making us socially and mentally handicapped. Video games are giving gamers a false sense of reality and teachings of violence. Finally, technology has in the past and is being used for the wrong reason of destroying the whole universe using weapons of mass destruction. People have questions every single day, and it is very normal and healthy to ask questions. This promotes the mental wellness of a human being; it also helps you learn more information which contributes to your general knowledge. With the invention of search engines and online forums, it has become easier to get your question answered. This is an asset to humans, however a human can become socially undeveloped and not have the confidence to talk with a person face to face and ask a question. Instant messengers have also contributed to the fact that people find it easier to talk over the internet, rather than face to face. The same rule applies to the mental strength of mankind. Math homework is less than a challenge for students of today. They pick up their calculators, type in a few numbers and write the answer down on the page claiming to their teachers that they have applied all their mental faculties to the questions. Though this method is extremely convenient, it is ruining our brain’s full capabilities. In order for something to run efficiently it must be utilized. The calculator does not permit the brain to be exercised before it can function properly. Video games provide unending fun, but it also gives the player unrealistic views about life. Computer and video games have come a long way since Space Invaders and Pac Man. â€Å"†¦numerous studies show that video games, especially ones with violent content, make teens more aggressive† (http://www. pamf. org/preteen/parents/videogames. html). Today's games are much more complex and interesting, and the technology has advanced to the point where a gamer can become immersed within the game. Video games provide the players with false ideas about saving the world and resulting to violence as a method of solving your problems with others. In other words it is making gamers become too unrealistic about the life they live and glorifying an unreal world. Technology has been used for the wrong reason of destroying the universe â€Å"[It] has dominated warfare since the early 1900s† (http://www. newscientist. com/topic/weapons). Majority of the population must agree with that comment. During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United States conducted two atomic bombings against Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki† (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki). The bombings were one of the earliest signs of a technological breakthrough which destroyed the earth, there is no doubt that it is evident to happen again, due to the technology advancing every day. Another recent example which is still fresh in our minds is t he event of 9/11, in which terrorists trained themselves on a computer to destroy the Twin Towers. With technology reaching insurmountable feats rapidly, it is destroying the planet and its inhabitants. Technology is deteriorating the well-roundedness of humans by allowing them to rely on manmade machines and become lethargic. Technology is making us socially and mentally dumb, giving false sense of reality. Weapons are being created using technology for the wrong reason of destroying the universe. For all those reasons it is suggested people should become further aware of the Trojan horse of today, which is technology.

The Importance Of Sanskrit In Hinduism Theology Religion Essay Example

The Importance Of Sanskrit In Hinduism Theology Religion Essay Example The Importance Of Sanskrit In Hinduism Theology Religion Paper The Importance Of Sanskrit In Hinduism Theology Religion Paper which means a inhabitant in the Indus River part where the earliest roots of Hinduism began. Hindu is usually applied merely to members of the Hindu religion group ; nevertheless it may still mention to anyone from India. Hindooism is different from other faiths, such as, Christianity. It has no Pope and it has no hierarchy. Unlike any other faith, Hinduism has no peculiar laminitis, for case, the laminitis of Christianity is Jesus Christ. This faith is more viewed as the research of assorted work forces throughout the old ages, who were called Rishis, which were Christ like Masterss. Originally, before the Persians gave the name Hinduism to this faith it was called Sanatana Dharma intending Righteousness. Besides its name, Hinduism has gone multiple alterations and developments throughout the old ages. There are two efforts which explain how Hinduism started to develop in India. For a peculiar ground both of these theories draw on the celebrated poetry Ekam Sat, Viprah Bahudha Vadanti for their effectivity. The first theory is the Indo-european Migration Theory , which began started after the relationship between Sanskrit, Greek and Latin was discovered. This theory states that at the terminal of the Indus Valley Civilization ( around 1700BCE ) a figure of Aryans immigrated into northern India from cardinal Europe and Minor Asia. Harmonizing to this theory the Aryans began to blend with the Autochthonal Dravidian. Finally the Aryans spiritual watercourse together with the Indigenous watercourse is what formed and started Hinduism. The 2nd theory is the antonym of the first theory. It is the Out of India Theory , where it states that Hinduism began out of India. There are even transitions in the Mahabharata and other Hindu texts which support this thought. Harmonizing to this theory the Aryan civilization was non developed by migrators or outside encroachers, but it was introduced through the Indus vale civilisation. This theory has two beliefs. First is that Hinduism s spiritual development was wholly original and new. Its 2nd belief is that the similarities between Sanskrit, Greek and Latin linguistic communications are the consequence of the Aryan migration, out of India and into Europe. At this point Aryan folk from India started conveying their civilization, linguistic communication and faith to distribute throughout Europe. Finally it is non really of import whether the Aryans came from exterior or interior of India. Hinduism should be seen as a faith which was born 3,000 old ages through the Aryan civilization, harmonizing to the regulation of Ekam Sat, Viprah Bahudha Vadanti . The consolidative force of this poetry is what created the Hinduism of today. Hindooism has a batch of scriptures.A The Bibles consist of the history and civilization of India. All Hindu Bibles are considered as revealed truths of God. In fact Hindu scriptures province thatA all Hindu Scriptures were written by God. Vedas, intending cognition, are the first sacred books of Hinduism. There are four Vedas, which are supposed to learn work forces the highest facets of truths which can take them to God. Vedas and Upanishads are Shruti Bibles. Harmonizing to Vedas Self Realization is one and the end of human life. Vedas contains a elaborate treatment on rites and ceremonials which lead to achieve self-fulfillment. There are 4 Vedas, which are ; Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Atharva Veda. The really first of import book of Hindu, Rig Veda, states ; Ekam Sat, Viprah Bahudha Vadanti , which means that there is merely one truth even if work forces describe it otherwise. Hindu believes that There is One and merely God and One Truth. This book is a aggregation of supplications and congratulationss. All the four Vedas describe different cognition. For case rig Veda describes the cognition of anthem, Yajur Veda describes the cognition of Liturgy, and Sama Veda describes the Knowledge of Music, while Atharva Veda describes the Knowledge given by Sage Athrvana. Hindus believe in One and Merely God, who is BrahmanA which can be expressed in assorted signifiers. Harmonizing to the Hindus God has no human or any other signifier. However they believe that there is still nil incorrect to believe in a God with a name and signifier. In fact in the Shruti Bibles of Hinduism, Brahman has been described both asA Saguna Brahman every bit good as Nirguna Brahman, God with properties and God without properties, severally. In the Upanishads, God is described asA Neti. Despite this, Hindus still believe that there is merely One God. Lord Krishna stated, Name me by whatever name you like ; Worship me in any signifier you like ; All that goes to One and Merely Supreme Reality. Therefore when a Hindu worships any God signifier he is really idolizing the One and Merely God Brahman. Even in Christianity although we believe in one and merely God, He expresses himself in three different signifiers, Father, Son and the Holy Spirit. Language and faith are inseparably related, like Hinduism and Sanskrit. From the really beginning, Vedic thought has been expressed through the Sanskrit linguistic communication. Therefore, Sanskrit forms the footing of Hindu civilisation. Sanskrit literally intending cultured or refined is one of the richest and most systematic linguistic communications in the universe, which is older than Hebrew and Latin. The first words in English linguistic communication came from Sanskrit. For case, the word female parent came from Sanskrit wordA mataA and male parent came from Sanskrit wordA pita . Forbes Magazine, ( July, 1987 ) wrote: Sanskrit is the female parent of all the European linguistic communications . The literature and doctrine expressed in this linguistic communication have a beauty and reconditeness, which is unexcelled. As linguistic communication alterations, so does faith. Although the bass of Hinduism was formed the vocabulary and sentence structure of Sanskrit, modern linguistic communications such as Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali, Telugu, Kannada and others, are now the primary bearers of Hindu thought within India. The displacement from Sanskrit to these linguistic communications formed non merely a alteration in the significance of words but besides a alteration in how faith was interpreted. However in the last century, Hinduism started to emerge in two assorted signifiers. One is from 1896, in Chicago where Swami Vivekananda, a Hindu spiritual instructor, traveled to England and other states in Europe and created several followings. Swami was a trailblazer for most of Hindu instructors who came to the West and are still coming today. Hindu holy work forces have brought a new set of Hindu vocabulary and idea to the western civilization. The 2nd important organ transplant of Hinduism into the West has occurred through the addition of in-migration oh Hindus who were born in India and moved to the West. These members are actively engaged in constructing Hindu temples and other institutuin in the West. As the popularity of Hinduism additions in the West, the emerging signifiers of this ancient tradition are being reflected through the medium of western linguistic communication, largely English. However the significance of words is non easy moved from one linguistic communication to another. It is said that the more distant two linguistic communications are separated by geographics clime and latitude the more the significance of words displacement and finally the more worldview displacements. There is non a batch of difference between Sanskrit and the Indian regional linguistic communication when compared to the difference between a western linguistic communication, for case, Sanskrit and English. The job of Christianization of Hinduism is the difficultly of conveying Hinduism to the West. It is a natural error which we make to near Hinduism with Christian, Jewish or Islamic impressions of God, psyche, heaven, snake pit and wickedness in head. We translate these impressions, to impressions in Christian idea, such as, Brahman as God, atman as psyche, dad as wickedness and Dharma as faith. However this is non right, Brahman is non the same as God, atman is non the same as psyche, dad is non sin and Dharma is more than merely faith. When one is reading sacred Hagiographas of a peculiar faith, for case, Upanishads or Bhagavad-Gita, one must read them on their ain footings and non from the position of some other faith. Because Hinduism is being reflected through Christianity, Judaism and Islam, the theological singularity of Hinduism is going wholly lost. Ideally anyone who is interested in Hinduism and would love to understand he must foremost hold cognition of the Sanskrit linguistic communication. However even the first coevalss of Hindu immigrants did non cognize Sanskrit. The Hindooism of these immigrants is through the regional linguistic communications. In fact Hinduism is still related really closely to its Sanskrit roots through the regional linguistic communications. The job is that these linguistic communications are still non being taught to the new coevals, and finally this will take the regional linguistic communications of India will decease after one or two coevalss. Therefore, this means that the 2nd coevals will lose their regional cultural roots and go more westernized. This job of spiritual and cultural alteration can be resolved by placing and making a lexicon of spiritual Sanskrit words. This will finally halt us to interpret words as Brahman, Dharma and dad, therefore, these words will go portion of the common spoken linguistic communication when speech production of Hindu issues. However this is already go oning with the words karma, yoga and Dharma. They became portion of common English address, but non with their ultimate spiritual significance. These words are footings taken from the sacred Bibles of Hindu, such as, the Bhagavad-Gita and the 10 major Upanishads. Some of the interlingual renditions of Hindu footings are: Brahman refers to the Supreme Principle. Everything which is created and absorbed is a production of Brahman. The word Brahman must non be confused with Brahma. Brahma God of creative activity. Dharma is besides derived from Sanskrit intending to keep up, to transport or to prolong. The word Dharma refers to that which upholds or sustains the existence. Human society, for illustration, is sustained and upheld by the Dharma performed by its members. In doctrine Dharma refers to the specifying quality of an object. For case, coldness is a Dharma of ice. In this instance we can believe that the being of an object is sustained or defined by its indispensable properties, Dharma s. Yoga besides derived from the Sanskrit means to fall in, to unify or to attach. We can believe of yoga as the connection of the atma with the paramatma, the psyche with God. There are legion agencies of fall ining with God: through action, karma-yoga ; through cognition, jnana-yoga ; through devotedness, bhakti-yoga ; through speculation, dhyana-yoga, etc. Yoga has many other significance. For illustration, in uranology and star divination it refers to a concurrence ( brotherhood ) of planets. Papa is what brings one down. Sometimes translated as wickedness or immorality.