UN Human Rights Regime Assignment The WritePass Journal

UN Human Rights Regime Assignment Introduction UN Human Rights Regime Assignment :1391) argue on similar lines, stating that if one denies the participation of former leaders (who are also the perpetrators of past offences) in a present government, it may effectively â€Å"obstruct social integration and political stability†. By way of example, Alston and Goodman refer to the undesirable consequences of prosecuting major organisations who were involved in the apartheid regime in South Africa, (2012: 1392). Perhaps the most powerful argument against amnesties involves victims’ rights and tolerance of impunity. Protesters of amnesty measures argue that amnesty infringes states’ obligations to make sure that victims receive means to achieve justice, and seek out the truth in their cases (Mallinder, 2008:7). By imposing an amnesty measure, the perpetrators’ crimes are effectively denied, causing victims to feel alienated from society, which, in turn, increases the likelihood of vigilantism on their part (Mallinder, 2008:10). There are not many who would deny the negative impact that amnesty has on victims and/or their families, and the argument here is that such a negative impact cannot be avoided if one is to achieve common good for the society as a whole. Another point against the statement that justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of human rights is that such a deferral, by its very nature, prevents the achievement of the aims of criminal justice, such as prosecution, retribution, stigmatisation and deterrence (Freeman, 2009: 20).   Aston and Goodman take this view and point out that trials can be very important in the promotion of â€Å"norms and expectations of punishment† in the country, (Alston and Goodman, 2012:1392). Moreover, as Freeman points out, the deferral of justice to amnesty in spite of the International Bill of Human Rights’ promissory note, undermines public confidence in the rule of law, (Freeman, 2009: 33). However, even assuming that amnesty is capable of preventing the realisation of some of the criminal justice’s goals, it should not be forgotten that an amnesty measure can take many forms. Freeman states that, more often than not, an amnesty measure would be accompanied by other provisions, such a reparation programme, which may lessen the harm caused by an amnesty, and an amnesty’s potential harm caused is always overestimated, (2009:25). Another argument is that there are many conditional amnesties in existence, which may encompass some of the aims of the criminal justice process, for example, Freeman enumerates a number of temporal and provisions amnesties, (2009:93). Even if one takes into account the need for a trial and all its benefits, it is not altogether clear that a trial or its threat may lead to beneficial results in every case, because as Freeman argues, a threat of a trial may lead to the perpetrators destroying the vital evidence needed in the future for the victims or their relatives to find out the truth about a crime, (2009:24). In support of this argument Alston and Goodman also state that any attempts at prosecution in a state which undergoes the transition from an authoritarian past may threaten a delicate peace-conflict balance between different groups, (2012:1391). Mallinder makes a similar argument when she states that although the trial of leaders may benefit the society by asserting the supremacy of democratic values (as argued by Scharf), there may not be enough evidence to put those leaders on trial in the first place, (2008:18). Here, it is interesting to point out an illuminating point made by Mallinder that there could be an instance where the distinction between victims and perpetrators is not clear, for example, in the case of child soldiers who are part of a rebel group in Uganda, and, therefore, the prosecution and punishment may have to take a back seat, (Mallinder, 2009: 34). Clark also questions the belief that the promotion of individual criminal responsibility is always desirable, (in Lessa and Payne, 2012:13). He draws attention to the criminal prosecutions in Rwanda and Uganda, and argues that by insisting on the prosecutions, the international organisations overlooked â€Å"the specific context and dynamics of these countries†, for example, the absence of   legal procedures and institutions to carry out an effective judicial process, (2012:14). This means that even though the countries may be the signatories of the International Bill of Human Rights, their specific contexts should be taken into account, and may be used to justify the imposition of conditional amnesties. One of other widespread arguments against the idea that amnesty should be granted is that doing so only creates a culture of impunity, encouraging future violence, and prevents accountability. This view has a widespread support from many governments around the world, for example, from the government of Sri Lanka.[5] When academics make this argument they often refer to the offenders who continue violate human rights, and are only stopped when amnesty is granted to them. The clear example of this is Ugandan rebel group ‘The Lord Resistance Army’s public statement that they will only stop the violence if amnesty is granted to its members. Nevertheless, to these arguments it can be replied that it is not necessarily the case that amnesty will produce further violence, and in fact, there may be situations where one must choose a lesser of two evils and invoke an amnesty provision. Freeman supports this argument. Therefore, it seems that although the case for the abolition of amnesty is a strong one, it is not without its weaknesses, and despite the promissory note of the International Bill of Human Rights, there may be circumstances where the imposition of an amnesty provision is not a truly unthinkable course of action. It is clear that there are obvious discrepancies between the theoretical foundations of the International Bill of Human Rights and the practical application of the Bill. There inevitably will be circumstances where it is unwise to follow the literal meaning of the Bill. The reality of an international/domestic political scene is that sometimes compromises must be made in order to safeguard peace in a country and prevent further conflict. In the same vein, Snyder and Vinjamuri maintain that in order to prevent future violations of rights and reinforce the respect for the rule of law it is often necessary to â€Å"strike politically expedient bargains that create effective coalitions to contain the power of potential perpetrators of abuses,† (Snyder and Vinjamuri, 2003:17). Thus, one of the main arguments for the proposition that justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of human rights is that such deferral of justice is likely to foster reconciliation and may be necessary to achieve peace in terms of promoting political settlement. Linked to this is an argument that amnesties are needed so that a state can make a break from its past and start from a ‘clean slate’, (Mallinder, 2008:13). Governments often use these reasons to justify the imposition of amnesties when it is necessary to end violence. However, this view is becoming more controversial as the states-signatories to the International Bill of Human Rights move to the implementation of more mechanisms of accountability, and this view is not shared by everyone. For example, in 2007 the ICC Prosecutor, Lois Moreno-Ocampo termed the demands of amnesty made by combatants as being nothing less than pure blackmail. Moreover, the offering of amnesty may appear as t hough a state is showing signs of weakness, which may, in turn, encourage more violations of human rights, (Mallinder, 2008:12). However, despite this, Freeman supports the view that amnesties may sometimes be necessary to achieve peace in a state, (2009:11). He contends that there may not be any other choice for societies which have gone through mass violence and genocide, (2009:7). Freeman asserts that he is against the idea of impunity for serious crime, but he states that there may be situations where the desire for peace and security should stand above any impunity which may result from granting amnesty (2009:6). In particular, he states that if we look at such countries as Burma and Somalia and their particular contexts, one may be forgiven for wishing any kind of amnesty in order to ensure the survival of people by lessening daily violent conflicts, even though this leads to impunity, (2009:24). Another argument against the view that amnesties are needed to achieve peace in a country, and to ensure a smooth transition from an authoritarian regime to a democratic one, is provided by Robinson when he draws on an example of Sierra Leone, (Robinson, 2003:490). In that country, unconditional amnesties were granted to ensure that peace would follow only to discover that the culture of impunity was reinforced and gross violations of human rights continued. However, in reply to all this, it can be pointed out that, regarding the International Bill of Rights in particular, amnesties can be used, because the International Bill encompasses a wide variety of rights, and unlike the Rome Statute, is not primarily concerned with the protection against gross human rights violations. Freeman also makes a relatively convincing argument that amnesties are rarely granted without the imposition of other orders or qualifications, such as a reparation programme or an institutional reform measure, (2009:14). Truth Commissions, which are primarily set up to investigate the causes of death/injury unlawfully perpetrated, often play an important role in offsetting the damage done by amnesty. However, it is questionable whether they are, in fact, as successful as they were initially perceived to be. For example, again using the Sierra Leone example, the Lome Accord 1999 was designed to provide both an amnesty provision and a Truth Commission investigation, but was unsuccessful in its implementation (Alston and Goodman, 2012:1452). Nevertheless, a broad conception of justice usually agrees with the idea that there could be a Truth Commission and a limited amnesty in place to satisfy â€Å"the essential purpose of the right to justice†, (Naqvi, 2003:34). Dugard seems to be of the same view when he states that even though unconditional amnesties should not be permitted, a Truth Commission should still be capable to grant amnesty after an investigation, provided that amnesty contributes to the achievement of peace and justice, and is more effective than prosecution, (Dugard, 1999:1020). Arguably, South Africa’s imposition of a conditional amnesty showed that it was possible to combine an amnesty with an accountability process which culminated in the achievement of truth and social healing. Another argument, which is linked to the argument about the right to remedy discussed above, and which is put forward by Freeman and Pensky (in Lessa and Payne, 2012), is that an amnesty measure will not necessary infringe international law in every instance. This argument rests on the well-known fact that the status of amnesties in international law is unclear, and the practice of its imposition still persists in many countries, including Rwanda, Cambodia, El Salvador and South Africa. This point is supported by Laplante, who argued that the status of an â€Å"outright prohibition on amnesty remains unclear†, (Laplante, 2009:920). To illustrate the point, Mallinder discovered in her research that the number of amnesties which includes different kinds of crimes has increased, and this casts doubt on the proposition that we are living in the age of accountability (Mallinder in Lassa and Payne, 2012:95). Mallinder concludes that this means that there is still a belief that an am nesty measure may be deemed necessary where there is some exceptional situation, (Mallinder in Lassa and Payne, 2012: 96) Liked to this is the idea that amnesties do not necessarily stand in opposition to the spirit of the International Bill of Human Rights, and, in fact, can fulfil some of its provisions by balancing   competing goals, and facilitating long-term peace and security in the nation. One particular example is where a political activist-offender is integrated into a society anew, preventing further disputes. The final point is that some defendants are unlikely to come within the scope of criminal prosecution as defined by the Rome Statute, and some countries’ legal systems may not be sufficiently evolved to prosecute such defendants. In these cases, it may be argued that amnesty could be granted to alleviate the political tension in the country if it exists. Moreover, even the Rome Statute could be said to presuppose the use of amnesties as it gives discretionary powers to prosecutors/judges to take account ‘the interests of justice’, particularly for those defendants which are unlikely to come within the scope of the International Criminal Court’s prosecution.[6] Thus, it seems that it may not be correct to treat all amnesties as being in the opposition to   the principles of justice and truth, and the specific context of a country must be taken into account. Even though amnesties violate the victim’s rights and can potentially create a culture of impunity, it is important to recognise that some amnesties, in some circumstances, may be an effective measure directed at achieving peace and security in a country. This is especially true since it is wrong to think of amnesties as either granting complete impunity or achieving long-term peace. This view fails to take into account the sheer diversity of amnesty measures which a state can employ, and which can be combined with the variety of accountability measures, (Mallinder, 2008:8). Moreover, as Freeman points out, justice may sometimes defer to amnesty because such practice is virtually unavoidable, although it should be maintained as a practice of the last resort (2009:4). Moreover, o ncloser examination, the granting of an amnesty may not be in the direct conflict with the spirit of the International Bill of Human Rights and, therefore, it is fair to say that justice must sometimes defer to amnesty following gross violations of human rights in a state. Word count: 3,228. Bibliography Books/Academic Articles Alston, P. and Goodman, R. (2012) International Human Rights, New York: Oxford University Press Cassese, A. (2008) International Criminal Law, New York: Oxford University Press Cassese, A. (2004) International Law, 2nd Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press Dugard, J. (1999) ‘Dealing with Crimes of a Past Regime: Is Amnesty Still an Option?’, Leiden Journal of International Law, 12, No. 4, at p. 1001 Freeman, F. (2009) Necessary Evils: Amnesty and the Search for Justice, 1st Edition, New York: Cambridge University Press Griffey, B. (2011) ‘The ‘Reasonableness’ Test: Assessing Violations of State Obligations under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, Human Rights Review, Vol. 11, No. 2 Harris, D., Moeckli, S. and Sivakumaran, S. (2010) International Human Rights Law, 1st Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press 8.   Joyce, D. (2010) ‘Human Rights and the Mediatization of International Law’, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 23, Issue 3, pp. 507-527 Laplante, L. (2009) ‘Outlawing Amnesty: The Return of Criminal Justice in Transitional Justice Schemes’, Virginia Journal of International Law, 49, at p. 915 Lessa, F. and Payne, L. (2012) Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability, New York: Cambridge University Press Loucaides, L. (2003) ‘TheDeveloping Case Law  of the  InterAmerican Court  of  Human Rights’, Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.  1-25 Mallinder, L. (2010) ‘Law, Politics and Fact-Finding: Assessing the Impact of Human Rights Reports’, Journal of Human Rights Practice, 1, No. 4 Mallinder, L. (2009) ‘The Role of Amnesties in Conflict Transformation’, in Ryngaert, C. (ed.) The Effectiveness of International Criminal Justice, Intersentia Publishers Mallinder, L. (2008) Amnesty, Human Rights and Political Transitions: Bridging the Peace and Justice Divide, Hart Publishing Meisenberg, S. (2004) ‘Legality of Amnesties in International Humanitarian Law. The Lomà © Amnesty Decision of the Special Court for Sierra Leone’, International Law Review of the Red Cross, 86, No. 856 Naqvi, Y. (2003) ‘Amnesty for War Crimes: Defining International Recognition’, International Law Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 85, pp. 583-560 (2003); Available: mkkk.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_851_naqvi.pdf [10 Dec 2013] Orentlicher, D. (1991) ‘Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime’, The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 100, at p. 2537 Robinson, D. (2003) ‘Serving the Interests of Justice: Amnesties, Truth Commissions and the International Criminal Court’ European Journal of International Law, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 481-500 Snyder, J. and Vinjamuri, L. (2003) ‘Trials and Errors: Principle and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice’, International Security, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 5-44; Available: http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/publication/343/trials_and_errors.html [ 9 Dec 2013] Weissbrodt, D. Ni Aolin, F., Fitzpatrick, J. and Newman, F. (2009) International Human Rights: Law, Policy, and Process, LexisNexis Publishing; Available: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/intlhr2006/chapters/chapter8.html [ 7 Dec 2013] Reports United Nations (2011) Report of the Secretary General’s Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka, New York: United Nations Publications; Available: un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf [10 Dec 2013] Web Materials The International Centre for Transitional Justice (2009) Justice, Truth, Dignity: Amnesty Must Not Equal Impunity [Online]; Available: http://ictj.org/publication/amnesty-must-not-equal-impunity [8 Dec 2013]

Aesthetics essay Essay Example

Aesthetics essay Essay Example Aesthetics essay Essay Aesthetics essay Essay Today, in the 21st century media controls peoples perspective on what they think is beautiful. Many people live each day feeling insecure about anything that doesnt appear on the celebrities on the front cover of magazines. Walking the streets with low self-esteem is an everyday problem that many people suffer from. What can they do to rebuild their confidence, and live their life to the fullest without hiding behind their flaws? They can visit an aesthetician. An aesthetician performs treatments and procedures to help minimize skin flaws, helps people to obtain a higher self-esteem, and is truly passionate about skincare and helping people achieve better physical health, as well as emotional health. An aesthetician works with skin, and they specialize in skincare. They set up appointments and consultations to talk to their clients about their skincare needs in a hospital or medical practice facility (Santiago). They will examine the patient’s skin, and perform a number of facial treatments, procedures, and recommend several products; they do not prescribe medications or topicals as a dermatologist would. They provide skincare, pre and post to any operation or surgery given. They manage the harmful effects of any skin disease or outbreak from rashes to breakouts. They help with a patient’s appearance by minimizing any skin flaws such as acne, surgical scars, wrinkles, or sun damage. Aestheticians can be trained in giving chemical peels, facial scrubs, laser treatments, Botox injections, cosmetic fillers, and many more types of cosmetic facial work. They are often confused with a cosmetologist due to the fact that an aesthetician will occasionally work in a spa-like environment (Santiago). Aestheticians differ from cosmetologists in many ways, although, they are both concerned about the looks and appearance of the face and body. Aestheticians work with the healthcare side of the spectrum rather than the strictly appearance end. To be an aesthetician, certain qualities are required to keep the client happy, safe, and satisfied. In order to do this job, the quality of being able to show compassion and empathy is needed (Dunn). Most of the time, patients come into an aesthetician’s office with lower than average self-esteem. An aesthetician needs to be understanding, and considerate of this. Another quality necessary for this occupation, as well as many others in the medical field, is the ability to communicate and be personable (Dunn). Being a people-person and having communication with the clients is arguably the most important of them all. If an aesthetician is not able to communicate with his or her patient, their problem will not be solved, and their skin could become worse than it was before (Dunn). The client will leave their office unhappy and it could drastically damage their physical health as well as their mental health. When dealing with their patient’s skin, as well as chemicals, having a steady arm is must-have skill to keep their patient, and their self safe. (Dunn) A medical aesthetician’s main goal should be keeping their clients safe and satisfied at all times. A number of high school courses are highly recommended to get students wanting to become an aesthetician on the right track. To be an aesthetician, recommended high school courses would be chemistry, health, and business management (Powell). Chemistry is needed due to the fact that their daily routine will consist of working with chemicals. A background in chemistry allows the professional to know how a patient’s skin will react with that chemical. Health would be a recommended course to take to understand more about the human body. Also as an aesthetician, business management would be a highly suggested class. Many aestheticians are hired by a small business, or they start one and knowing the business essentials would be beneficial. After completing high school a number of training courses are recommended to be the best aesthetician they can be. It is recommended that â€Å"those preparing to become a medical aesthetician take classes in microdermabrasion, skin resurfacing methods, treatment for skin conditions and proper nutrition for healthy skin (Dunn). †To become an aesthetician, you must complete a training program ran by the State Board of Cosmetology. This job requires a licensure by the state (Santiago). Any aesthetician would need to receive this license from their state, and renew it annually. Those wanting to become an aesthetician should prove to be professional, knowledgable, motivated, confident, and empathetic in order to have success with the variety of patients that enter their office. A trait that is much needed to become an aesthetician is having a well-kept and professional appearance at all times in the office (Gambino 8). People are coming into an aesthetician’s office to improve their appearance. If the experts appearance isn’t satisfactory to them, then in the head of a client, they will lose credibility and they will expect a job not as well done as someone who looks clean and respectable; they would most likely look to another professional. An aesthetician needs to display themselves in the proper demeanor, and use their manners when dealing with a client (Gambino 8). They should make their client feel welcome, and create a happy and cheerful environment. At all times, they must be attentive to all of their client’s needs without hesitation. They need to take pride, as well as feel passionate about what they do and let it. To be a successful aesthetician, motivation to gain a stronger knowledge of what they are doing is key. A firm grasp on all of the current and up-to-date techniques is important to a client’s health and to ensure a job well done on their part (Gambino 8). He or she needs to ensure that they are doing the best job that they can do for their client. Taking initiative and reading skin care books and magazines, attending meetings, seminars and tradeshows, and taking part in professional skin-care organizations increases their credibility and personal knowledge on skincare (Gambino 8). Another must have skill an aesthetician should have while working in the lab, is talent. They must have a natural interest in the aesthetic skincare field. It is not only mandatory to have the talents required, but it is necessary to have completed the correct guidance (Gambino 8). They must have enough training, experience, knowledge, and talent to be confident in their judgment and their abilities (Gambino 8). An aesthetician should not be second guessing or questioning themselves while working on the skin of a client. They need to be sure of what they are doing and confident that it is best for the person in which they are working on. To gain that kind of confidence, hours of training and experience is mandatory. Another trait that helps build up the confidence of the client is being empathetic. Empathy is a trait needed to truly want to help clients feel better about themselves, their health, and their appearance (Gambino 8). An aesthetician should be passionate about the work that they do, its not enough to be in it for the money; it needs to be about their passion of wanting to help people feel better and gain confidence in themselves. Many traits are needed to become an aesthetician, but if a person truly is passionate about this career in particular, they will have no problem acquiring and building upon them. The Bureau of Labor Statistics lists that the median annual salary for aestheticians as $28,920 annually, which equates to about $13. 90 per hour. † This being the case, it is probably not an adequate amount for a person with future goals of buying a home and supporting a family. In order to take this job, a person should not be in it for the income that they are bringing in, but for the pride that is earned through helping others. Like any other job, there are a few positive aspects as well as drawbacks to being an aesthetician. If you love helping people feel good about themselves, it can be extremely rewarding. If people are passionate about skincare, it will satisfy their needs. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the job growth is coming in strong, so there is a good chance of getting a job in the field of aesthetics, and it is still growing (Santiago). The only drawback to being aesthetician is that it is not one of the highest paying medical careers (Santiago). Although the income is not as large as some would like, aesthetics is steadily becoming a more popular job, but positions look as if they will be available no matter what (Santiago). Aestheticians are here to build the self esteem of the people in their community. They can perform a number of procedures, treatments and recommend multiple products to their clients to help rid them of their flaws. Many traits and qualities are needed to obtain an aesthetics career, but with a strong passion for skincare, they should already be possessed by the aesthetician in the making. A drawback to this occupation is that there is not a huge income, but it is buried by the perks of being able to help people feel good about themselves and becoming able to come home with a sense of pride for what they do each day. It is steadily becoming a more popular career and many positions are going to be opening up within the next decade. Personal Evaluation This job seems like it would be a good fit for me. I am very interested in skincare and I am passionate about building people up to make them feel their best. I feel like it would be a very rewarding experience, and I would come home with a sense of pride every night. I think that I would love having this job, but the annual salary wouldnt be satisfactory to my later goals in life such as moving to the east coast, buying a home, and starting a family. My occupational values that relate to this job are that I love making people feel good about themselves at all costs. I know how to have a well-kept and professional attitude and appearance. I know that I would be determined to learn everything that I can about skincare by attending meetings, seminars, and reading up on all of the latest, up-to-date techniques to work to the best of my ability. I have the initiative that it takes to be an aesthetician. I am interested in skincare and the human body. I have empathy, manner, a steady arm, and I can build my knowledge to its fullest potential. Being an aesthetician would be a profession that I would be highly interested in.

Whistleblowing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whistleblowing - Essay Example Flexibility- Flexibility is another characteristic of the whistleblower that ensures the company or organization is not going against the law (Vaughn, 2013). Tenacity- The whistleblower use stubbornness as a competing curiosity that must be in due course used as a tool to make a defined and right decision for the business (Gramling, 2014). Sensitivity- Most of the large business organizations have large number of employees across the country; hence, sensitivity as a characteristic of a whistleblower is important because it acts as an eye to the business (Gramling, 2014). Within the last 12months, U.S Supreme Court has been identified to protect the employees through the voice of whistleblower. The instance to protect employees of publicly company’s contracts March 6, 2014. This was noted to be the first time in the United State of America Supreme Court protected sub-contractors and contractors under Lawson v FMRLL, 571 U.S (2014) (Gramling, 2014). Jonathan M Zang and Jackie Hosang Lawson had different case to the court, alleged retaliation unlawful under act 806 that was against the FMR LLC while the others interrelated to the private company the so-called FMR. The funds were mutually raised to provide fidelity to the family as persuaded by the contract. The two of them commenced the unlawful action in a federal district court where the private mate was moved to dismiss plaintiff’s issues. The claims supported that they were not covered as employees under the act 1514A (Vaughn, 2013). The plaintiff therefore, took forth both employees of public company and the employees of the contract and sub-contract. After complains were filed with the health administration and occupational safety, Zang and Lawson began the action of de novo in a court. The court examined the statute text and found that FMR’s interpretation was quite presentable because there was

Themes in Hip Hop Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Themes in Hip Hop Culture - Essay Example In tandem with the salient issues and themes touched upon by the textual sources under consideration, the movie Boyz n the Hood does bring to fore many political, social and cultural issues that are conveniently bypassed by the popular media and cinema.The Hip Hop culture evident in the movie does intertwine with the glaring political and social issues like economic and social marginalization and racism faced by the communities. The whole objective is to usher in a measure of education and concern through a medium that is highly creative, subtle and insightful. The gang violence covered by the movie and the salient social, familial and academic influences which on one side make Doughboy fall a victim to the vicious and unsparing gang violence and which on the other side does convince Tre to renounce a life of violence does show as to how the flares of hope do shimmer in an otherwise violent and crime ridden life in the hood. The book by Nelson George, Durand’s Lecture, the for ward in the Anthology of Rap, and discussions in the class do envelop this society altering collision between the salient and dominant culture that is pervasive and powerful and the marginalized black culture thriving in the hood.The movie Boyz n the Hood does represent an effective and moving outlet for an array of racial, cultural and political themes that are so strongly embraced and expressed by the larger Hip Hop culture. For instance in the climax of the movie where Doughboy gets dejected and disheartened by a life imbued with violence and revenge.

Product Mix and New Product Development Strategies Essay Example for Free

Product Mix and New Product Development Strategies Essay The Coca-Cola versus Pepsi competition is perhaps the most well known rivalry in the history of marketing. Coke has long enjoyed the home field advantage, having become entrenched as the most popular and identifiable cola throughout the world. Although it has carved itself a substantial portion of the market, Pepsi has struggled to match the sales revenue of Coca-Cola; until recently. Although Pepsi has never come close to equaling Coke cola market share, they have become more aggressive and adept than Coke in cornering the non-carbonated beverage market. It is in this market that Pepsi is seeking to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage over Coke. It their quest to acquire and develop new products, will the use of the PTSTP method help Pepsi develop new products in order to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage?A product is defined in three levels; core, actual, and augmented. The core of the product is the benefit it offers the consumer. For the example of colas, it could be refreshment, energy (sugar and caffeine), alertness, or just pleasure. The soda itself is the actual product. The augmented product for a cola could be the recognition and status gains perceived by drinking that particular brand. Or it could even be the weight loss from sticking to diet colas. For the development of new products, we first need to identify what consists of a new product. There are six categories of new products:1.New-To-The-World. This is a product that has no like product offered elsewhere. For example, when the first personal computer was offered to the public, this would be a new product. 2.New Product Lines. This is when similar products exist, possibly even under the same brand, but a new line of the product offers some tangible difference to those products already offered. For example, offering diet colas in addition to regular colas under the same brand. 3.Product Line Additions. This is the addition of a product that is directly related to one offered. For example, offering Vanilla Coke for sale alongside Coke. 4.Improvements/Revisions. This is a product which has already been offered,  but some change or revision has been made to the products properties. For example: New Coke, or anything labeled new and improved.5.Repositioned Products. The same product offered in a new market or directed towards a new target market. For example Pepsi bringing Sabritas chips into the US to target the Hispanic market. 6.Lower-Priced Products. This is simply reducing the price of an existing product to stimulate sales. New products affect the product mix of a company. Product mix is generally defined as the total composite of products offered by a particular organization. The product mix includes both individual products and product lines. A product line is a group of products which are closely related by function, customer base, distribution, or price range. To use Pepsi as an example, Pepsis product mix includes beverages and potato chips. The beverage product line consists of carbonated, non-carbonated, and water. Pepsi, Gatorade, and Aquafina all are individual products. PTSTP is a mnemonic for the five step process underlying Target Marketing and Positioning. The five steps are as follows:1.Identify competitive Products. 2.Define the Target market. 3.Determine the basis for Segmentation. 4.Determine if any Target markets are underserved. 5.Develop a Product for the underserved market. By using this method, a company can identify a gap in a particular market segment. This gap may be present because there is no product to fill it, or because the current product is reaching the end of its life-cycle, thus creating an opportunity for new growth. To answer the previous question, we will contrast the PTSTP method to Coca-Cola and Pespis development of the non-carbonated beverage market. Pepsi has continually struggled to match Cokes market share in colas and other carbonated beverages. Coke enjoys a 44% slice of the market compared to Pepsis 32%. During their 108 year rivalry, Pepsi has never come close to selling as much soda as Coke. Much of this is due to Cokes brand recognition. Although in 2006 Pepsi, for the first time, beat Coke in beverages sold. This was due to Pepsis embracement of the non-carbonated beverage market, where it led the market with a 24% share over Cokes 16%. Pepsi was able to recognize and take advantage of the growing non-carbonized market much earlier than Coca-Cola. Although cola sales have recently stagnated to less than 1% growth, non-carbonated beverages grew 8% in 2004. Much of the failure of Coke to expand into this market can be traced back to the stubbornness of Coke executives to expand beyond the soda market. Coke had an opportunity to acquire Quaker Oats in the 1990s, but passed on the opportunity. Instead, Pepsi acquired Quaker Oats in 2001. Among Quaker Oats assets were Gatorade and Snapple, both leaders in their markets. Although these product lines were already established, they represented new products to Pepsi, as they represented Pepsis introduction into the non-carbonated beverage market. As a result, Pepsi owns a commanding lead in the sports drink market, with Gatorade holding an 80% share to Cokes Powerade at 15%. Until 2001, Coca-Cola had been reluctant to embrace new products. They were not willing to extend their company and take the chance in the non-carbonated market, until they saw the success Pepsi was having. In addition to passing up on Quaker Oats, Coke lost a bidding war for the Sobe line of enhanced juices, and their bid for the Planet Java line of coffees and teas was not embraced by their independent bottlers. However, since 2000 Coke has been actively seeking new products in this market, including the acquisition of the successful Minute Maid juice line. The difference in philosophy has made the difference for Pepsi. In fact, losing the cola wars may have been the best thing for Pepsi. This forced Pepsi to look outside the soda realm in order to increase profits. As Pepsis CEO, Steven Reinemund believes that his companys growth is due to their constant quest for change, that Innovation is what consumers are  looking for, particularly in the small, routine things of their life. Pepsis willingness to embrace new product lines has given them the edge over Coke for the first time in history. Their offerings of Quaker Oats beverages, Sobe, and Aquafina have all been firsts for a soda company. As a result, they have gained the brand recognition over Cokes subsequent offerings, leading to an increased market share. In order for Pepsi to maintain their competitive advantage over Coke, they need to follow the advice of Reinemund, by remaining innovative. PTSTP can help them sustain this advantage. By identifying potential markets, and developing products for these markets, they can continue to capture new market shares. The beverage market is saturated with options for the consumer, with new products appearing everyday. Many of these products are variations on existing products. For example, energy drinks have become very popular in the past few years. As a result the market has become flooded with options. It will become increasingly difficult to introduce new products in this category. By using PTSTP, Pepsi can identify a new niche in this market, or a different market to exploit. Using the energy drinks as an example, the competitors range from Fuze, Red Bull, and many others. By defining the target market, they can identify that the same demographics both tend to buy sodas and energy drinks. Pepsi can then segment the market into young males (18-30). They then determine that the target market of combined soda energy drinks is underserved. They then develop a product to serve this market. Thus Pepsi Max is born. By using PTSTP, Pepsi has created a new product in soda energy drinks, Pepsi Max. It is this type of creativity and innovation that is embraced by Reinemund, and will serve to keep Pepsi with a sustained competitive advantage over Coke. Only by using a method such as PTSTP, can underserved markets be identified and exploited. References 1. http://business.enotes.com/business-finance-encyclopedia/product-mix2. Brady, Diane (). A Thousand and One Noshes: How Pepsi deftly adapts products to changing consumer tastes. Business Week. 14 Jun 20043. Foust, Dean. Things Go Better With Juice: Cokes new CEO will have to move quickly to catch up in noncarbonated drinks. Business Week. 17 May 20044. Brooker, Katrina. How Pepsi outgunned Coke: Losing the cola wars was the best thing that ever happened to Pepsi while Coke was celebrating, PEP took over a much larger market. FORTUNE 1 Feb 2006http://money.cnn.com/2006/02/01/news/companies/pepsi_fortune/index.htm5. http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_three_levels_of_a_product.htm

Dell Computer Corporation Essay -- Technology, Personal Computers

Dell Computer Corporation Dell Computer Corporation was recognized as the leader in personal computers during the 1990’s. However, economic instability and competitors gaining market share, heavily affected the company. In 2001, PC sales declined, layoffs were constant, and employees were disengaged. Thus, to revitalize the company a new philosophy statement called â€Å"The Soul Dell† was unveiled throughout the organization. However, the central problem for Dell was the methodology used to develop and communicate its core values to employees. As well as senior leaders’ inability to affect paradigms shift from the existing organizational culture and sustain an effective change management process. Case Study Analysis Background /Culture Dell Computer Company is known for its meteoric rise to industry dominance based on founder Michael Dell’s ability to transition a part-time business of building and upgrading personal computers into a multi-billion dollar enterprise (O’Rourke, 2010). Dell’s business model was producing low cost, high quality PC’s that were built-to-order called â€Å"Dell Direct†. The strategy of shipping direct to customers eliminated the need for middlemen and gave Dell a competitive advantage (O’Rourke, 2010). Company growth surged in the 1990’s with over 38,000 employees and a global platform. Dell and Chief Operating Officer, Kevin Rollins, created a fast-past, win-at-all-cost, highly competitive organizational culture whereby compensation and promotions were based on exceptional performance (O’Rourke, 2010). Finally, in 2000, Elizabeth Allen joined the company as vice president of corporate communications. In 2001 the company experienced an economic downturn. PC profit margins declined and lay... ..., they failed to properly diagnose the problem in order to identify all the possible interventions needed to implement and sustain the change and behavior they wanted. Thus, in order to bring about this change, Dell and Rollins need to model the vision similar to the methods used during the September 11, 2001 attacks. Also, they need to ensure management has bought into the vision and can clearly articulate it to their direct reports. Moreover, incorporating cultural initiatives in employees’ performance management goals without a clear understanding of how the change affects them is premature. Employees first need to understand how the change impacts them and be empowered to provide input on its content and implementation. Finally, cultural shifts take time. Therefore, senior leadership needs to stay commitment to the change until it is institutionalized.

Information technology Essay

Information means facts or knowledge provided or learned .OR it is â€Å"Knowledge of communicating or receiving concerning a particular fact or circumstance†, or rather, information is an answer to a question. I The concept that information is the message has different meaning. Technology means the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes .OR machinery developed from this. It is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of , techniques, and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a pre-existing solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other l species’ ability to control and adapt to survive. Information technology (IT) means the use of computers and telecommunications for storing and sending informant. It is the application to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or several other enterprise.The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television,e-mail and telephones. Several factories are associated with information technology, such as , telecommunication, ,insulator and computer services etc. Advantages of Information Technology Information technology refers to the study and development of a support-management based, computerized information system. The development is mainly observed in the form of dedicated software applications and a number of hardware programs. The advantages of IT include work place cost-effectiveness and essential globalization. Information Technology or IT mainly deals with computer applications. The common work environment today is totally dependent on computers. This has led to the need to develop and consistently upgrade dedicated computer software like project management software, for a number of related requirements. These include storage and protection of content, processing and transmitting of dedicated information and the secured retrieval of information, when and as required. IT promotes computing technology,  covering everything from installing applications to developing databases. Why is Information Technology Important All our work related applications are now completely automated, thanks to the IT sector. IT professionals are people involved in essential management of sensitive data, exclusive computer networking and systems-engineering. The advancement of the IT sector has resulted in automated: * Administration of entire systems. * Production and manipulation of sensitive information. * Cultural development and communication. * Streamlining of business processes and timely upgrades. Advantages of IT †¢ Globalization True globalization has come about only via this automated system. The creation of one interdependent system helps us to share information and end linguistic barriers across the continents. The collapse of geographic boundaries has made the world a ‘global village’. The technology has not only made communication cheaper, but also possible much quicker and round the clock. The wonders of text messages, email and auto-response, backed by computer security applications, have opened up scope for direct communication. †¢ Cost-effective Computerized, internet business processes have made many businesses turn to the Internet for increased productivity, greater profitability, clutter free working conditions and global clientà ¨le. It is mainly due to the IT industry that business have been able to make their processes more streamlined, thereby becoming more cost-effective and consequently more profitable. People are able to operate their businesses 24Ãâ€"7, even from remote locations only due to the advent of information technology. †¢ Communication Quick and effective communication is vital to any business anywhere in the world. Information technology gives an entrepreneur or business the tools, like email, video conferencing, SMS, etc., essential to communicate efficiently and effectively. to the business world, and information technology gives your company the resources it needs to communicate quickly and effectively. Not only do people connect faster with the help of information technology, but they are also able to identify like-minded individuals and extend help, while strengthening ties. †¢ Storing and Protecting Information IT provides a low-cost business options to store and maintain information that may be important from a business or service point of view. Virtual vaults and other such security systems not only store vital data but also allow control over the access to such information. IT security systems will also protect virtual data from being hacked or wiped out in case of any technical failure. †¢ Creation of New Jobs One of the biggest advantage of IT has been the creation of a whole new field of opportunity for skilled personnel leading to new and interesting jobs. Hardware and software developers, computer programmers, web designers, system analyst, the list of new jobs created could go on. IT has also been attributed to be the major cause of surge in the economies of certain Third World nations too. Things that were once done manually or by hand have now become easier and faster due to the advent of a computing technology. Our world today has changed a great deal with the aid of IT which has penetrated almost every aspect of our daily lives and society, from leisure to business. IT has become a part of our day-to-day lives through the evident use of PC’s, Internet, cell phones, faxes, the list would seem endless. Let us hope that newer development in the field of IT can provide benefits to our future generations, just as it has greatly benefited ours.

Technology: Boon or Bane?

Day by day, technology advances only to deteriorate the health of those who use it. In the past years, scientists have spoon-fed people of all ages with attractive gadgets. However, the truth is technology has made humans less well-rounded individuals. Technology is a wonderful thing; there are cell phones with internet access and the capability to take pictures and videos. With computers, all the information you could ever want is available within a few keystrokes of a search engine. Contradicting those points is, just like everything else in life. Nothing is ever perfect and technology has its share of flaws. There are calculators, search engines, online forums and instant messengers that are making us socially and mentally handicapped. Video games are giving gamers a false sense of reality and teachings of violence. Finally, technology has in the past and is being used for the wrong reason of destroying the whole universe using weapons of mass destruction. People have questions every single day, and it is very normal and healthy to ask questions. This promotes the mental wellness of a human being; it also helps you learn more information which contributes to your general knowledge. With the invention of search engines and online forums, it has become easier to get your question answered. This is an asset to humans, however a human can become socially undeveloped and not have the confidence to talk with a person face to face and ask a question. Instant messengers have also contributed to the fact that people find it easier to talk over the internet, rather than face to face. The same rule applies to the mental strength of mankind. Math homework is less than a challenge for students of today. They pick up their calculators, type in a few numbers and write the answer down on the page claiming to their teachers that they have applied all their mental faculties to the questions. Though this method is extremely convenient, it is ruining our brain’s full capabilities. In order for something to run efficiently it must be utilized. The calculator does not permit the brain to be exercised before it can function properly. Video games provide unending fun, but it also gives the player unrealistic views about life. Computer and video games have come a long way since Space Invaders and Pac Man. â€Å"†¦numerous studies show that video games, especially ones with violent content, make teens more aggressive† (http://www. pamf. org/preteen/parents/videogames. html). Today's games are much more complex and interesting, and the technology has advanced to the point where a gamer can become immersed within the game. Video games provide the players with false ideas about saving the world and resulting to violence as a method of solving your problems with others. In other words it is making gamers become too unrealistic about the life they live and glorifying an unreal world. Technology has been used for the wrong reason of destroying the universe â€Å"[It] has dominated warfare since the early 1900s† (http://www. newscientist. com/topic/weapons). Majority of the population must agree with that comment. During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United States conducted two atomic bombings against Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki† (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki). The bombings were one of the earliest signs of a technological breakthrough which destroyed the earth, there is no doubt that it is evident to happen again, due to the technology advancing every day. Another recent example which is still fresh in our minds is t he event of 9/11, in which terrorists trained themselves on a computer to destroy the Twin Towers. With technology reaching insurmountable feats rapidly, it is destroying the planet and its inhabitants. Technology is deteriorating the well-roundedness of humans by allowing them to rely on manmade machines and become lethargic. Technology is making us socially and mentally dumb, giving false sense of reality. Weapons are being created using technology for the wrong reason of destroying the universe. For all those reasons it is suggested people should become further aware of the Trojan horse of today, which is technology.

The Importance Of Sanskrit In Hinduism Theology Religion Essay Example

The Importance Of Sanskrit In Hinduism Theology Religion Essay Example The Importance Of Sanskrit In Hinduism Theology Religion Paper The Importance Of Sanskrit In Hinduism Theology Religion Paper which means a inhabitant in the Indus River part where the earliest roots of Hinduism began. Hindu is usually applied merely to members of the Hindu religion group ; nevertheless it may still mention to anyone from India. Hindooism is different from other faiths, such as, Christianity. It has no Pope and it has no hierarchy. Unlike any other faith, Hinduism has no peculiar laminitis, for case, the laminitis of Christianity is Jesus Christ. This faith is more viewed as the research of assorted work forces throughout the old ages, who were called Rishis, which were Christ like Masterss. Originally, before the Persians gave the name Hinduism to this faith it was called Sanatana Dharma intending Righteousness. Besides its name, Hinduism has gone multiple alterations and developments throughout the old ages. There are two efforts which explain how Hinduism started to develop in India. For a peculiar ground both of these theories draw on the celebrated poetry Ekam Sat, Viprah Bahudha Vadanti for their effectivity. The first theory is the Indo-european Migration Theory , which began started after the relationship between Sanskrit, Greek and Latin was discovered. This theory states that at the terminal of the Indus Valley Civilization ( around 1700BCE ) a figure of Aryans immigrated into northern India from cardinal Europe and Minor Asia. Harmonizing to this theory the Aryans began to blend with the Autochthonal Dravidian. Finally the Aryans spiritual watercourse together with the Indigenous watercourse is what formed and started Hinduism. The 2nd theory is the antonym of the first theory. It is the Out of India Theory , where it states that Hinduism began out of India. There are even transitions in the Mahabharata and other Hindu texts which support this thought. Harmonizing to this theory the Aryan civilization was non developed by migrators or outside encroachers, but it was introduced through the Indus vale civilisation. This theory has two beliefs. First is that Hinduism s spiritual development was wholly original and new. Its 2nd belief is that the similarities between Sanskrit, Greek and Latin linguistic communications are the consequence of the Aryan migration, out of India and into Europe. At this point Aryan folk from India started conveying their civilization, linguistic communication and faith to distribute throughout Europe. Finally it is non really of import whether the Aryans came from exterior or interior of India. Hinduism should be seen as a faith which was born 3,000 old ages through the Aryan civilization, harmonizing to the regulation of Ekam Sat, Viprah Bahudha Vadanti . The consolidative force of this poetry is what created the Hinduism of today. Hindooism has a batch of scriptures.A The Bibles consist of the history and civilization of India. All Hindu Bibles are considered as revealed truths of God. In fact Hindu scriptures province thatA all Hindu Scriptures were written by God. Vedas, intending cognition, are the first sacred books of Hinduism. There are four Vedas, which are supposed to learn work forces the highest facets of truths which can take them to God. Vedas and Upanishads are Shruti Bibles. Harmonizing to Vedas Self Realization is one and the end of human life. Vedas contains a elaborate treatment on rites and ceremonials which lead to achieve self-fulfillment. There are 4 Vedas, which are ; Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Atharva Veda. The really first of import book of Hindu, Rig Veda, states ; Ekam Sat, Viprah Bahudha Vadanti , which means that there is merely one truth even if work forces describe it otherwise. Hindu believes that There is One and merely God and One Truth. This book is a aggregation of supplications and congratulationss. All the four Vedas describe different cognition. For case rig Veda describes the cognition of anthem, Yajur Veda describes the cognition of Liturgy, and Sama Veda describes the Knowledge of Music, while Atharva Veda describes the Knowledge given by Sage Athrvana. Hindus believe in One and Merely God, who is BrahmanA which can be expressed in assorted signifiers. Harmonizing to the Hindus God has no human or any other signifier. However they believe that there is still nil incorrect to believe in a God with a name and signifier. In fact in the Shruti Bibles of Hinduism, Brahman has been described both asA Saguna Brahman every bit good as Nirguna Brahman, God with properties and God without properties, severally. In the Upanishads, God is described asA Neti. Despite this, Hindus still believe that there is merely One God. Lord Krishna stated, Name me by whatever name you like ; Worship me in any signifier you like ; All that goes to One and Merely Supreme Reality. Therefore when a Hindu worships any God signifier he is really idolizing the One and Merely God Brahman. Even in Christianity although we believe in one and merely God, He expresses himself in three different signifiers, Father, Son and the Holy Spirit. Language and faith are inseparably related, like Hinduism and Sanskrit. From the really beginning, Vedic thought has been expressed through the Sanskrit linguistic communication. Therefore, Sanskrit forms the footing of Hindu civilisation. Sanskrit literally intending cultured or refined is one of the richest and most systematic linguistic communications in the universe, which is older than Hebrew and Latin. The first words in English linguistic communication came from Sanskrit. For case, the word female parent came from Sanskrit wordA mataA and male parent came from Sanskrit wordA pita . Forbes Magazine, ( July, 1987 ) wrote: Sanskrit is the female parent of all the European linguistic communications . The literature and doctrine expressed in this linguistic communication have a beauty and reconditeness, which is unexcelled. As linguistic communication alterations, so does faith. Although the bass of Hinduism was formed the vocabulary and sentence structure of Sanskrit, modern linguistic communications such as Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali, Telugu, Kannada and others, are now the primary bearers of Hindu thought within India. The displacement from Sanskrit to these linguistic communications formed non merely a alteration in the significance of words but besides a alteration in how faith was interpreted. However in the last century, Hinduism started to emerge in two assorted signifiers. One is from 1896, in Chicago where Swami Vivekananda, a Hindu spiritual instructor, traveled to England and other states in Europe and created several followings. Swami was a trailblazer for most of Hindu instructors who came to the West and are still coming today. Hindu holy work forces have brought a new set of Hindu vocabulary and idea to the western civilization. The 2nd important organ transplant of Hinduism into the West has occurred through the addition of in-migration oh Hindus who were born in India and moved to the West. These members are actively engaged in constructing Hindu temples and other institutuin in the West. As the popularity of Hinduism additions in the West, the emerging signifiers of this ancient tradition are being reflected through the medium of western linguistic communication, largely English. However the significance of words is non easy moved from one linguistic communication to another. It is said that the more distant two linguistic communications are separated by geographics clime and latitude the more the significance of words displacement and finally the more worldview displacements. There is non a batch of difference between Sanskrit and the Indian regional linguistic communication when compared to the difference between a western linguistic communication, for case, Sanskrit and English. The job of Christianization of Hinduism is the difficultly of conveying Hinduism to the West. It is a natural error which we make to near Hinduism with Christian, Jewish or Islamic impressions of God, psyche, heaven, snake pit and wickedness in head. We translate these impressions, to impressions in Christian idea, such as, Brahman as God, atman as psyche, dad as wickedness and Dharma as faith. However this is non right, Brahman is non the same as God, atman is non the same as psyche, dad is non sin and Dharma is more than merely faith. When one is reading sacred Hagiographas of a peculiar faith, for case, Upanishads or Bhagavad-Gita, one must read them on their ain footings and non from the position of some other faith. Because Hinduism is being reflected through Christianity, Judaism and Islam, the theological singularity of Hinduism is going wholly lost. Ideally anyone who is interested in Hinduism and would love to understand he must foremost hold cognition of the Sanskrit linguistic communication. However even the first coevalss of Hindu immigrants did non cognize Sanskrit. The Hindooism of these immigrants is through the regional linguistic communications. In fact Hinduism is still related really closely to its Sanskrit roots through the regional linguistic communications. The job is that these linguistic communications are still non being taught to the new coevals, and finally this will take the regional linguistic communications of India will decease after one or two coevalss. Therefore, this means that the 2nd coevals will lose their regional cultural roots and go more westernized. This job of spiritual and cultural alteration can be resolved by placing and making a lexicon of spiritual Sanskrit words. This will finally halt us to interpret words as Brahman, Dharma and dad, therefore, these words will go portion of the common spoken linguistic communication when speech production of Hindu issues. However this is already go oning with the words karma, yoga and Dharma. They became portion of common English address, but non with their ultimate spiritual significance. These words are footings taken from the sacred Bibles of Hindu, such as, the Bhagavad-Gita and the 10 major Upanishads. Some of the interlingual renditions of Hindu footings are: Brahman refers to the Supreme Principle. Everything which is created and absorbed is a production of Brahman. The word Brahman must non be confused with Brahma. Brahma God of creative activity. Dharma is besides derived from Sanskrit intending to keep up, to transport or to prolong. The word Dharma refers to that which upholds or sustains the existence. Human society, for illustration, is sustained and upheld by the Dharma performed by its members. In doctrine Dharma refers to the specifying quality of an object. For case, coldness is a Dharma of ice. In this instance we can believe that the being of an object is sustained or defined by its indispensable properties, Dharma s. Yoga besides derived from the Sanskrit means to fall in, to unify or to attach. We can believe of yoga as the connection of the atma with the paramatma, the psyche with God. There are legion agencies of fall ining with God: through action, karma-yoga ; through cognition, jnana-yoga ; through devotedness, bhakti-yoga ; through speculation, dhyana-yoga, etc. Yoga has many other significance. For illustration, in uranology and star divination it refers to a concurrence ( brotherhood ) of planets. Papa is what brings one down. Sometimes translated as wickedness or immorality.

Commonly Confused Words for ESL Students and Classes

Commonly Confused Words for ESL Students and Classes Here are some of the most commonly confused English word pairs. They have been chosen especially for ESL learners. beside / besides beside: preposition meaning next to, at the side of Examples: I sit beside John in class.Could you get me that book? Its beside the lamp. besides: adverb meaning also, as well; preposition meaning in addition to Examples: (adverb) Hes responsible for sales, and a lot more besides.(preposition) Besides tennis, I play soccer and basketball. clothes / cloths clothes: something you wear - jeans, shirts, blouses, etc. Examples: Just a moment, let me change my clothes.Tommy, get your clothes on! cloths: pieces of material used for cleaning or other purposes. Examples: There are some cloths in the closet. Use those to clean the kitchen.I have a few pieces of cloth that I use. dead / died dead: adjective meaning not alive Examples: Unfortunately, our dog has been dead for a few months.Dont touch that bird. Its dead. died: past tense and past participle of the verb to die Examples: His grandfather died two years ago.A number of people have died in the accident. experience / experiment experience: noun meaning something that a person lives through, i.e. something that someone experiences. - also used as an uncountable noun meaning knowledge gained by doing something Examples: (first meaning)His experiences in Germany were rather depressing.(second meaning) Im afraid I dont have much sales experience. experiment: noun meaning something that you do to see the result. Often used when speaking about scientists and their studies. Examples: They did a number of experiments last week.Dont worry its just an experiment. Im not going to keep my beard. felt / fell felt: past tense and past participle of the verb to feel Examples: I felt better after I had a good dinner.He hasnt felt this well for a long time. fell: past tense of the verb to fall Examples: He fell from a tree and broke his leg.Unfortunately, I fell down and hurt myself. female / feminine female: the sex of a woman or animal Examples: The female of the species is very aggressive.The question female or male means are you a woman or a man. feminine: adjective describing a quality or type of behavior that is considered typical for a woman Examples: Hes an excellent boss with a feminine intuition.The house was decorated in a very feminine manner. its / its its: possessive determiner similar to my or your Examples: Its color is red.The dog didnt eat all of its food. its: Short form of it is or it has Examples: (it is) Its difficult to understand him.(it has) Its been a long time since I had a beer. last / latest last: adjective usually meaning final Examples: I took the last train to Memphis.This is the last test of the semester! latest:  adjective  meaning most recent or new Examples: His latest book is excellent.Have you seen his latest painting? lay / lie lay: verb meaning to put down flat - past tense - laid, past participle - laid Examples: He laid his pencil down and listened to the teacher.I usually lay my pies on the shelf to cool. lie: verb meaning to be down - past tense -lay (be careful!), past participle - lain Examples: The girl lay on the bed asleep.At the moment, hes lying on the bed. lose / loose lose: verb meaning to misplace Examples: I lost my watch!Have you ever lost anything valuable? loose: adjective meaning the opposite of tight Examples: Your trousers are very loose!I need to tighten this screw. Its loose. male / masculine male: the sex of a man or animal Examples: The male of the species is very lazy.The question female or male means are you a woman or a man. masculine:  adjective  describing a quality or type of  behavior  that is considered typical for a man Examples: Shes a very masculine woman.His opinions are just too masculine for me. price / prize price: noun - what you pay for something. Examples: The price was very cheap.Whats the price of this book? prize: noun - an award Examples: He won a prize as best actor.Have you ever won a prize in a competition? principal / principle principal: adjective meaning the most important Examples: The principal reason for my decision was the money.What are the principal  irregular verbs? principle: a rule (usually in science but also concerning morals) Examples: Its the first principle of aerodynamics.He has very loose principles. quite / quiet quite:  adverb  of degree meaning very or rather Examples: This test is quite difficult.He was quite exhausted after the long journey. quiet:  adjective  meaning the opposite of loud or noisy Examples: Could you please be quiet?!Shes a very quiet girl. sensible / sensitive sensible: adjective meaning having common sense i.e. not stupid Examples: I wish you would be more sensible about things.Im afraid you arent being very sensible. sensitive: adjective meaning to feel very deeply or to hurt easily Examples: You should be careful with David. Hes very sensitive.Mary is a very sensitive woman. shade / shadow shade: protection from the sun, a dark area outside on a sunny day. Examples: You should sit in the shade for a while.Its too hot. Im going to find some shade. shadow: the dark area created by something else on a sunny day. Examples: That tree casts a large shadow.Have you  every  noticed your shadow getting longer as it gets later in the day? some time / sometimes some time: refers to an indefinite time in the future Examples: Lets meet for coffee some time.I dont know when Ill do it - but I will do it some time. sometimes:  adverb of frequency  meaning occasionally Examples: He sometimes works late.Sometimes, I like eating Chinese food.

Week One Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week One Discussion Questions - Essay Example Without these estimates, it would be impossible for the company to make the changes necessary today to keep the companys finances on solid ground tomorrow. By the time the hard data was in, it might be too late. Many stakeholders, internal and external, rely on a companys accounting estimates as a basis for the decisions that impact their business activity. Shareholders may make a decision to buy or sell. Vendors may increase or decrease the production of raw materials. Plans for expansion may be made based on revenue estimates. For these reasons, it is imperative that the accountant provides an accurate, and ethical, estimate based on the information available. There may be a temptation to exaggerate, overlook, or manufacture the data in an effort to unfairly benefit a specific stakeholder, such as the case at Enron and its unethical practices. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, passed in response to Enrons unethical and deceptive estimates, now requires all publicly held companies to have a "financial expert serving on its audit committee" and have a set of "written standards reasonably designed to deter wrongdoing" (Green, 2005, p.239). 2.) Internal controls are a set of processes and procedures that a company has in place to protect and insure solid management practices, and reduce the potential for unethical activity. Internal controls help prevent a careless, intentional, or malicious act from impacting the company in a negative fashion. For example, requiring that two different people sign all checks can help prevent the unauthorized use of a specific bank account. In addition, multiple experts, that can all agree and form a consensus as to their probablility of being accurate, should review all estimates. Internal controls are generally placed at points of transactions where money and goods are most at risk. The accounts payable account could be at risk if a malicious employee manufactured false invoices to be paid to their personal account. An internal

West indians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

West indians - Essay Example Following the arrival of the white man, numerous African black people were shipped over to work as slaves on sugar plantations on the islands and now make up a large proportion of the population. It is estimated that there are about 36 million people living in the West Indies today, most of African heritage. This is impacted by lower infant mortality rates with increased access to health care and other services. It is also estimated that millions of people have moved from the West Indies to the United States and other parts of the world. According to the article â€Å"West Indies† (2008), at least one million Cubans have moved into the United States with equally high numbers of Puerto Ricans and other West Indians also pursuing greater job opportunities and educations for their children. Most of these people speak Spanish, but this is not the only language spoken. Other languages spoken in high density include French and English, including a creole version of these languages. Dutch is spoken on some of the islands and Hindi and Urdu can still be heard on Trinidad and Tobago (West Indies, 2008). More than half of the West Indian peoples live in urban areas and live lives that are relatively comparable to the lives of people living in urbanized areas anywhere. However, the islands are not overly abundant in their own resources, so farming plays a large role in their economy. The climate is very warm for most of the year, so clothing is generally light and loose with hats, with wide shade-giving brims, playing a significant role in fashion. Perhaps because of the heavy slave-influenced past, their attitudes toward marriage, family structure and religion are somewhat different from what is found in the Protestant-influenced United States to the north. There are four types of family organization within West Indian families, each of which is centered around different religious ideals. The Christian family follows the